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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A network of tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces.
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lymphatic capilliaries
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two consistancies of blood and lymph vessels
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both types are microscopic and both are formed from sheets consisting of a cell layer of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium.
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A difference between lymph and blood cappillaries
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The flattened endothelial cells that form blood capillaries, fit tightly together so that large molecules cannot enter or exit from the vessel.
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why are lymph capillareis not as tight as blood capillaries
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they are more porous and allow larger molecules, including proteins and other substances, as well as the fluid itself, to enter the vessel and eventually return to the general circulation.
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in addition to lymph and the lymphatic vessels, the lymphatic system includes
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lymph nodes,
Thymus, and Spleen |
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look at lymph node location diagram
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pg. 422 A&P
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Lymph from the right extremity and from the right side of the head, neck, and upper torso flows into the
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right lymphatic duct
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The "Thoracic duct" in the abdomen has an enlarged pouchlike structure called the
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Cisterna Chyli
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This structure serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system
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Cisterna chyli
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Lymph from about three fourths of the body eventually drains into the
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Thoracic duct
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Lymphatic capillaries in the wall of the small intestine that transport fats obtained from food to the bloodstream
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Lacteals
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Largest lymphoid in the body
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Spleen
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Functions of the spleen
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removes bacteria and other foreign substances through filtration and phagocytosis, destroys worn-out RBC's, salvages iron found in hemoglobin and serves as a reservoir for blood
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A small lymphoid tissue organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward in the midline of the neck.
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Thymus
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When is the Tymus it's largest
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at puberty
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Where do T cells undergo there first stage of development
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Stem cells from the bone marow seed the thymus, and shortly before and after birth, they develop into T cells.
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Where do T cells go shortly before and after birth.
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They stream out of the thymus into the blood and migrate chiefly to the lymph nodes, where they take up residence.
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What kind of immunity do T cells produce
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Cell-mediated immunity
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what is cell mediated immunity
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resistance to disease organisms resulting from the actions of cells--chiefly activated T cells. When bound to antigens, these cytotoxic T cells release a substance that acts as a specific and lethal poison against the abnormal cell.
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Tonsils located on the side of the throat
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Palatine
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Tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity also know as the ADENOIDS
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Pharyngeal
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characteristic signs of inflamation
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heat,
redness, pain, and swelling, |
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This condition is characterized by inflamed lymphatic vessels that appear as red streaks radiating from the source of infection
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lymphangitis
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An abnormal condition in which tissues exhibit swelling because of the accumulation of lymph
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lymphedema
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condition characterized by swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes
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lymphadenitis
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what causes elephantitis
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lymphedema caused by small parasitic worms that infest the lymphatic vessels. such infestation blocks the flow of lymph
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A retrovirus that contains RNA that undergoes reverse transcription inside affected cells to form its own DNA
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HIV
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Although HIV can invade several types of cells, it has its most obvious effects in which cells
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Certain type of T cells called a CD4+ T cell
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An excessive reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species
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Isoimmunity
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Antigens most commonly involved in transplant rejection are called
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HLA's
human lymphocyte antigens |
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name two types of Isoimmune reactions
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1. During pregnancy, antigens from the fetus may enter the mother's blood supply and sensitize her immune system. Antibodies that are formed may enter the fetal circulation and cause an inappropriate immune reaction.
2. Rejection of grafted tissues in cases of organ transplant |
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An inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens.
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Autoimmunity
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A common auto immune disease
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Systemic Lupus erythematosus
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what does the lymph system do
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maintains fluid balance and helps defend the internal environment.
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This type of immunity is maintained by mechanisms that attack any irritant or abnormal substacnce that threatens the internal environment.
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nonspecific immunity
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examples of nonspecific immunity (innate immunity)
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Skin,
Tears, Mucous |
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This type of immunity includes protective mechanisms that confer very specific protection againtst certain types of threatening microorganisms or other toxic materials.
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Specific Immunity
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specific immunity is often called
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adapative immunity
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Types of Specific immunity
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NATURAL immunity
Active (exposure Passive (exposure ARTIFICIAL immunity Active (exposure) Passive (exposure) |
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example of Natural active immunity
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A child develops measles and acquires an immunity to a subsequent infection
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example of Natural Passive immunity
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A fetus receives protection from the mother through the placenta, or an infant receives protection via the mothers milk
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example of Artificial Active immunity
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intentional exposure to the causative agent, such as a vaccination agains polio, confers immunity
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example of Artificial Passive immunity
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injection of protective material (antibodies) that was developed by another individual's immune system is given.
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Lymp nodes perform two importan immune functions
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defense and white blood cell formation.
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lymph nodes are lymphoid organs because they contain what?
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lymphoid tissue, which is a mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells.
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the two principal categories of lymphoma are
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Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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protein compounds that are normally present in the body
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antibodies
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An inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens
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Autoimmunity
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Term used to descibe hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens
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allergy
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An allergic reaction that causes constriction of the airways, relaxation of blood vessels, and irregular heart rhythms that can progress to a life threatening condition
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anaphylactic shock
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polio vaccines provide
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immunity
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urticaria
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hives
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where do T cells mature
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Thymus
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Once in the Tissue Monocytes develop into phagocytic cells called
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Macrophages
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In Female how long after child birth can a PE occur
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up to 3 months
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how long must a pt. have a productive cough in order to diagnose the pt. as having chronic bronchitis
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at least three months per year for at least two years. notes say more than 3 doc visits.
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Who is a Blue Boater and why
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COPD with chronic bronchitis. As a response to hypoxia bone marrow produces abnormal amount of red blood cells (polycythemia) because small bronchioles are plugge pt. remains hypoxic. pt. is generally overweight and cyanotic
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This pt. developes muscular wasting, is thin, tachypneic and SOB with notably long expiratory phase, accessory muscle use and purse-lipped breathing. called Pink Puffer
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Emphysema pt.
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describe auscultated rattling at the level of the bronchi
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Rhonci
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What structures are affected with COPD and more specifically emphysema
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The destruction of the alveoli is the dominant component of the disease, with reversible bronchospasm a much smaller component
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A chronic inflammatory disorder or the airways where inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Causes associated Bronchospasm and Inflammation.
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Asthma
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A form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by damage to the lung from a variety of illnesses and injuries
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ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
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common features of ARDS
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hypoxemic respiratory failure (PO2 less than 60) in the presence of a risk factor but the absence of CHF, fluid overload, or chronic lung disease
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causes of ARDS include
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direct injury
pulmonary aspiration severe viral infections near drowning toxic gas or smoke inhalation |
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what stimulates breathing
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increase in carbon dioxide called hypercarbic drive
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wheezes are found in which pt.
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asthma pt. with bronchical constriction.
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in COPD pt. what can overzealous ventilation, both in rate and tidal volume result in
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Auto PEEP (pg. 587) keeps the alveoli open, but it also increases intrathoracic pressures, which can lead to decreased venous return and decreased cardiac output, chich leads to clinical hypotension. as well as pneumo pg 577
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what destroys cilia in the airways
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smoking
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% O2 delivered by NC
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24-44%
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nasal passages are irritated, causing sneezing, itching, runny nose, and itchy, watery eyes
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Rhinitis
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B cells provide what kind of immunity
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humoral
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usually involves swelling of the lips, tongue, oral cavity, and upper airway. the swelling is nonpitting and has a tendancy to manifest in areas where the skin is not taught
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angioedema
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an allergic reaction to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor meds
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angioedema
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the first drug to choose in pt's with airway compromise
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O2
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The first drug to use ofr the treatment of severe anaphylaxis
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epi
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The standard Epi dose per book
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0.3 to 0.5 mg IM/SC
Ped .01 mg/kg IM/SC to max of 0.5 of 1:1000 pg 803 |
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most common allergy for prehospital worker
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Latex
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drug given for moderate allergy
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Bededryl
25-50 mg IV/IM Peds =1-2mg up to max adult dose |
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antibody responsible for most allergic reactions
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IgE
promotes inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Autoimmunity
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When the immune system malfunctions, it can overreact and turn against iis own body's cells. It basically relabel "friendly" substances inside the organs as foreign, "nonself" cells and attacks them.
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hypotension occurs during which type of allergic reaction
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Severe or Anaphalactic shock
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