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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the urachus?
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Extends from umbilicus to apex of bladder
Connects bladder to allantoic sac in fetus |
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What is the coursing of the umbilical arteries?
What kind of blood do they carry? |
Extend from umbilicus to iliac arteries
Carries O2 poor blood from fetus to placenta. Become round ligaments of the bladder |
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What is the coursing of the umbilical vein?
What kind of blood do they carry? |
Extends from umbilicus to liver
Carries O2 rich blood from placenta to ductus venosus. |
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What structures are in the external ubmilical remnants?
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Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein Urachus |
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What are two forms of umbilical hernias in foals?
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Congenital - usually closes by day 4
Developmental - usually develops at 5-8 weeks of age |
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What are clinical signs of a reducible umbilical hernia?
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Reducible = uncomplicated
No swelling/edema on palpation No pain on palpation Contents feel fluidy, soft No signs of systemic disease |
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What are clinical signs of a non-reducible umbilical hernia?
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Non-reducible = complicated
Contents feel denser, possibly hard, warm, painful |
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Why might an umbilical hernia be non-reducible?
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Incarceration of herniated bowel (colic, shock)
Umbilical infection - often these animals are "poor doers". They can have fever and signs of sepsis |
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What is the treatment for uncomplicated hernias?
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Manual reduction BID
Abdominal bandage (+/- half a tennis ball) DO NOT use umbilical clamps or elastrator band |
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At what point should you decide to use surgical treatment for an umbilical hernia?
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Hernia ring > 10 cm
No resolution with medical treatment at 4-5 months of age Signs of incarceration develop |
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What size of hernia is especially prone to result in bowel incarceration?
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3-7 cm diameter hernias
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How do you treat an umbilical hernia if there are signs of bowel incarceration?
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Emergency laparotomy +/- intestinal resection.
Closure of hernia (herniorrhaphy) If there is evidence of infection, w/o incarceration, you may want to start abx, and then wait to do the surgery. |
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What is ophalitis?
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Abscess/infection in the umbilical remnants
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What is omphalophlebitis?
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Abscess/infection in the umbilical vein
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What is omphaloarteritis?
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Abscess/infection in the umbilical artery/arteries
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What are some possible etiologies of umbilical infection?
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Infection pre-partum (placentitis)
Hematogenous infection post-partum (via GI tract) Ascending infection post-partum (via umbilical remnants) |
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What are clinical signs of umbilical infection?
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Umbilical enlargement
Low IgG levels Systemic signs of sepsis Fever Inflammatory CBC +/- 2 joint infections +/- septic osteomyelitis |
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What size should the umbilical vein be in foals less than 10 days, and over 10 days?
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< 10 days: <10 mm
>10 days: <5 mm |
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What size should the umbilical arteries be in a foal less than 10 days old, and over 10 days?
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<10 days: <10 mm
>10 days: <5 mm |
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What size should the urachus + umbilical arteries be in foals under and over 10 days old?
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<10 days: <24 mm
>10 days: <24 mm |
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When should you perform surgical resection of the umbilicus?
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Concurrent disease (septicemia, diarrhea, septic joints, pneumonia)
No improvement within 7 days of medical treatment of infection Worsening of clinical condition of the foal. |
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What is the hallmark of a patent urachus?
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Urine dribble from umbilicus despite urinating through urethra.
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True or false:
The urachus can re-open day(s) post partum if the foal is compromised (septic) |
True
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What is the medical treatment for patent urachus?
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Keep umbilicus clean, dry
Prophylactic systemic abx DO NOT use silver nitrate Should resolve within 2-7 days |
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What is the treatment for patent urachus if the foal has concurrent disease?
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Surgical resection of umbilical remnants
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True or false:
Umbilical hernias in calves are usually congenital and hereditary. |
True
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What are the most common hernia contents for a calf?
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Abomasum
Omentum Small intestines |
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What should you do if the umbilical infection extends all the way to the liver?
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Umbilical vein marsupialization to allow for drainage.
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