Ultrasound Biometery Of The Fetus

Front 1

brachycephaly

Back 1

fetal head with an increased transverse dimention and shortened AP dimension(Round shape)

Front 2

cavum septum pellucidum

Back 2

-trangular double membrane filled with CSF; separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

Front 3

cavum vergaue

Back 3

posterior portion of the cavum septum pellucidum

Front 4

Cerebellar peduncles

Back 4

3 sets of nerve fibers of the hindbrain that connect the cerebellum to the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongota

Front 5

dolicephaly

Back 5

long, narrow, ovoid shaped head

Front 6

falx cerebri

Back 6

infolding of the dura mater(indistinguishable from the interhemispheric fissue)

Front 7

interhemispheric fissure

Back 7

separates 2 cerebral hemispheres and contains falx cerebri

Front 8

what do you need to know to determine fetal lie?

Back 8

maternal plane of section, and fetal plane of section

Front 9

Where is the head for cephalic and breech?

Back 9

cephalic-head down near os
breech-head up near fundus

Front 10

What is situs?

Back 10

positioning of the fetal organs in terms of theri location on the right and left side of the fetus

Front 11

give some examples of situs

Back 11

-fetal stomach on the left
-GB on the right
-Apex points left
-aorta-slightly left of midline

Front 12

what is seen for the cephalic presentation of a fetus?

Back 12

-vertex(posterior/superior part of the head)
-bregma
-occiput
-sometimes mentum
-face-forehead, lower portion of face,

Front 13

name and explain the types of breech presentation?

Back 13

-frank breech-most common-hips flexed, legs extended, feet near head
-complete breech-hips and knees flexed, feet above the buttox
-incomplete breech-one knee flexed, 1 knee extended
-footling breech-one or both feet in maternal pelvis
-knee breech(uncommon)-knee in maternal pelvis below fetal buttox

Front 14

what is vasa previa?

Back 14

umbilical cord over internal os

Front 15

where is the fetal shoulder in relation to the internal os?

Back 15

proximal

Front 16

what does fetal presentation refer to?

Back 16

the fetal part closest to the cervical internal os-poorest presentation is shoulder, forehead, neck

Front 17

Explain BPD?

Back 17

-diameter btw 2 sides of thead
-transverse
-accurate +/- 2wks
-outer to inner

Front 18

what are the landmarks for BPD, HC, and OFD?

Back 18

-falx cerebri(located midline)
-thalmus
-cavum septum pellucidum
-3rd ventricle

Front 19

HOw fast does the skull grow in the second and 3rd trimester?

Back 19

2nd-3mm/week
3rd-1.8mm/wks

Front 20

Head circumference

Back 20

-same plane as BPD
-skin line not measured
-HC=(BPD=OFD)X1.57
-near term, this is more accurate than BPD

Front 21

Ventricular plane

Back 21

-used to measure lateral ventricular size
-above thalmic plane

Front 22

where are the atria located?

Back 22

at the junction of the occipital horn, temopral horn and the body od the lateral ventricle(normal=10mm)

Front 23

Cerebellar plane

Back 23

-rotate the end of the transducer that is adjacent to the posterior skull inferior from BPD level
LANDMARKS:
cerebellum, cisterna magna, thalmus, CSP

Front 24

what is the cerebellar plane used for?

Back 24

anteroposterior measurements of cisterna magna
-cerebellar width is used for dating process
-primary measurement to detect CNS malformations
-affected very little by grown disturbances

Front 25

Cephalic index

Back 25

-represents the variability of head shape
-CI%=BPD/OFD X 100
-perfect=78%

Front 26

T/F cisterna magna and ventricle should never be greater than 2cm

Back 26

false-they should never be greater than 1 cm

Front 27

malpresentation

Back 27

fetus not cephalic

Front 28

OFD

Back 28

occipital frontal diameter-outer edge of skulll(frontal bone) to outer posterior edge of skull

Front 29

Biocular measurements

Back 29

-distance btw the lateral orbital rims
-locate BPD level, and move caudually until orbits are obsterved
-observe that eyes are the same diameter
-determine that image is symetrical

Front 30

What is occular biometery helpful in determining?

Back 30

-hypotelorism
-hypertelorism
-anophthalmia
-micropthalmia

Front 31

T/F nuchal fold thikcness should enver exceed 6 mm?

Back 31

true

Front 32

what are the echogenic lines in the cisterna magena?

Back 32

dural folds

Front 33

IUGR

Back 33

intrauterine growth restriction

Front 34

Abdominal circumference

Back 34

-Reflects fetal size and weight
-monitors fetal growth and detects growth disturbances
-should be biocular
-should include skin

Front 35

What are the measurement landmarks for the abdominal circumference?

Back 35

-level where the umbilical vein branches into the left portal sinus
-stomach
-3 ossification centers of spine
-rib echo symettry

Front 36

How is the proper AC level obtained?

Back 36

-transverse
-not too much pressure
-Not oval shaped(indicates oblique)
-kidneys not seen

Front 37

what may influence AC shape?

Back 37

-fetal breathing
-transducer pressure
-intrauterine confinement
-fetal position

Front 38

T/F There is the most variablity with AC and it is most affected by growth disturbances

Back 38

true

Front 39

What is the formula for AC?

Back 39

AC=(D1+D2)X1.57

Front 40

Femur length

Back 40

-reflects longitudinal groth
-only length of ossified diaphysis measured(from condyles to greater trochanter)
-end should appear blunt
-straight lateral border, and curved medial border

Front 41

When does overestimation occur with fetal length? Undersestimation

Back 41

-high gain
-include femoral head
-incude DFE(distal femoral epiphyis)
-Underestimation occurs when an oblique plane is used.

Front 42

When should long bones other than the femur be measured?

Back 42

If the femur is more than 2 weeks behind other biometric parameters:
-humerous
-radius
-ulna
-tibia
-fibula

Front 43

Estimated fetal weight

Back 43

-more formulas=more accurate
-EFW below 10th percentile may indicate intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)

Front 44

Normal patterns of fetal growth

Back 44

-BPD is the most accurate predictor of fetal growth prior to 20 weeks and most accurate on ovoid shape
-HC exceeds or equals the AC until 36 weeks
-AC is most affected by depletion of glycogen stores in teh liver.
-AC growth >1 cm in 14 days is indicitive of IUGR

Front 45

How is GA determined?

Back 45

-symphysis fundal height
-quickeing(fetal movement)-fist felt at 15 weeks; always felt by 23 weeks
-LMP

Front 46

BPP

Back 46

Biophysical profile:
-to evaluate 3rd tri high rist pregnancies(after 27 weeks)
-Fetal reactivity of all BPP functions in indicitive of an intact CNS
-Done over 30 minutes
-score of 6 is equivical
-score of 4 or less indicates delivery

Front 47

Areas of brain regulating

Back 47

-fetal tone develops at 7-9 wks
-fetal movement develops at t9 wks
-FBM develops at 20-21 wks
-NST at 26 weeks to term

Front 48

Explain how BPP is determined?

Back 48

-breathing movemtn
-body movement(3 movements)
-body tone(flexion and extension, extremities appear flexed, fetal chin on chest)
-Amniotic Fluid volume(AFV)-pocket >2cm
-Non-stress test-2 heart beat accelerations >15bpm with fetal movement.

Front 49

A non-reactive fetus may indicate what?

Back 49

-sleeping
-hypoxia
-reacting to maternal drug ingestion
-CNS trauma

Front 50

Fetal Aphyxia

Back 50

-normal fetal activity an indicator of adequate oxygenation
-placental compromise resulting in decreased supply of nutrients and O2 to fetus
-prolonged cessation of fetal movement may suggest fetal compromise

Front 51

Acute asphasia

Back 51

fetus unresponsive to short term variables; sever forms fesut in absence of fetal tone and movement

Front 52

Chronic asphaia

Back 52

-gradual form related to uteroplacental insufficiency
-Hypoxia results in fetal head, heart, and adrenals receiving more O2.
-may lead to oligohydramnios due to increase in blood flow to the kidneys and lungs.