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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 5 kingdoms an example of each
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Monera- bacteria, cyanobacteria(streptococcus)
Protista: alge protozoa(spirogyra) Fungi: yeast, penicillum(mushrooms) Animalia: Plantae: |
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name the four reagents in gram stain
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1) primary stain (crystal violet-), stains all cells deep blue)
2) mordant (grams iodine), comples bond btx cell wall of G+ and crystal violet 3) third reagent (ethyl alchohol) washes crystal violet of G- cell walls) 4) counter stain (safranin 0 stains G- cells) |
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what antigens and anti bodies are on each blood type
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A= A antigen , Anit-b antibodies
B=B antigen and Anti-A antibodies AB= A&B antigens, no antibodies O= No antigens, Anit-A and Anti-B antibodies |
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What is a slelective media, why selective
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it prohibits the growth of unwanted organisms and encourages the growth of organisms u want, EX. Mannitol salt agar- high salt prohibis growth of most organsims allows growth of staphylococcous( when fermentation occurs it turns turns yellow (acid by product)
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waht is a general purpose media
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media will support the growth fo most types of organisms. not specific for G- or G+ may be liquid broth or solid agar. EX. blood agar plates or soy agar
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what is a differential media and why is it differentail
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allows u to tell the difference between similar organisms. manatol is also differential, it will diferentiate staph aureus (ferments)s and staph epdiermis(doesnt ferment)
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what is the process of autocalving
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exposing media foro 15 min at 15 psi at 121C
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what are the steps of simple staning
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one step , all stained one color, cover smear with methylene blue for 45 seconds then rinse with water don not let water stike smear, blot with bibulous paper.
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what is fermentataion
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enzymatically controlled ANEROBIC, breakdown of carbohydrate or sugar.
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What are the by products of fermentation
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ACIDS- (lactic, acetic, formic)
NEUTRAL PRODUCTS-( alchohol, butanediol) GASES- (hydrogen, carbon dioxide) |
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what constitutes the optical sysetm on microscope
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Ocular, objectives, and body tube
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what constitutes the light system on a microscope
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lamp diaphragm, and condenser
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wht is the ocular
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the peice u look thru (magnification of 10x)
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what is the objective lenses
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the three lenses ( magnifications low= 10x10=100, high 10x43=430, oil 10x97=970
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what is the revolving nose peice,
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the rotating potrion the objective lenses are mounted on
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waht is the condenser
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controls the amount of light
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what is the diaphragm
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adjustable "iris" control light
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waht is a parfocal system?
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microscope that when focuses at one objective lens can be changed to another and still be in focus
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waht is resolving power of a microscope
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ability of a microscope to separate fine detail such as two points close together (most microscopes have resolving power of 0.2 microns
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what is the working distance of a microscope
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distance btx the objective lens and the specimin on the slide
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what is the diamater of feld of view at low power
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1.4 mm
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what is the diameter of feild of view wiht high power
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.3 mm
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what is the diameter of feild of view of oil immersion objective
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.16 mm
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what is specific to Prokaryotic cells
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circular dna, no organells, no neucleus, uni cellular,
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what is specific to eukaryotic cells
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liner dna, have organells
(animals - no rigid cell walls) (plants--have rigid cell walls) |
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three basic shapes of Bacteria
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rods(bacilli),round( cocci) , and spiral( spirrilum)
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cynao bacteria use what for food source
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sunlight and water wiht use of chlorophyll, . autotrophic meaning use of co2 as a carbon source.
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what is the most diverse kingdom?
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PROTISTA
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whatsexual reporduction does algae, and protozoa have
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sexual and Asexual
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Kingdon fungi contains??
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mushrooms, lichens, multicellular molds and yeasts
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what is morphology
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the study of size, shape , and arrangement of bacterial cells
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waht are spheres in bacterial called
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cocci
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what are rods called in bacteria
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bacilli
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what are spirals called in bacteria
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spirilla
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waht are two other non common shapes of bacteria
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stella)(star shaped), square shaped(haloarcula)
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what is the color in a stain called
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a chromophore
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waht type of ion is associated with a basic dye
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negative ion
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what type of ion is associated with ant acidic dye
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positive ions
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what dye is used for a simple stain
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methylene blue dye
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what is the most common problem with making a smear
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too many cells on the slide
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what is heat fixation, waht does it do
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1) kills viable cells, 2) causes cells to adhere to slide
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gram stain is what kind of stain/
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differental shows btx G+ and G-
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why do we stain bacteria
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to better view cells
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why do we use basic dye in general staining
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it attatches to the neg ion
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waht is a defined medium
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a medium we knwo the exact make up of
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what is a complex medium
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a mediun tha twe dont know the make up of (ex. broth meduim)
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growth in a broth is shown be what
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turbidity
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what is bacteria incubated at
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37c (normal body temp) not longer than 48 hours
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what are the microbes of the upper resp. tract
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staphylococcus, streptococcus lacto bacteria, adn bacteroides(G+)
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what are opportunistic pathogens
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can cause infection under abnormal conditions (ex. break in skin, depressed immune system)
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what is a blood agar plate enriched with
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5% sheep blood
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waht does beta hemolysis show and mean
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clear zone due to the complete lysis of the red blood cells
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what does gamma hemolysis show and mean
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no hemolysis
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what does alpha hemolysis mean and show
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light greenish color around colonies, shows partial hemolysis
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what dos TSA stand for in the agar plate
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Tryptic soy agar
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what causes the blood agar to change color,
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the lysis of the blood cells
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where in or on body would u expect to find microbes,
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would find them on skin, hair follicules and sebacous glands.
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what is respiration
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it is the complete breakdown of sugars with oxygen as the final electron receptor (areobic) most efficent...
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staphylococcus aureus:
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normal nasal flora, causes, boils food poisoning
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staphylococcus epidermis
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found on skin and good for us
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what are the three pathogenic streptococci. waht do they cause
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1) streptococcus pyogens:
strep throat , scarlet fever 2) streptococcous pneumoniae pneumonia(found in nose and throat) 3)streptococcus faceallis: found in gi tract nosocomal infections |
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two type of bacteria expected to find in humans skin
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staph. epidermis, micrococcus
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what makes bile esculin agar selective media and what makes it differential
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bile salts , only enterococci can live in it, this makes it selective, its differential because onlystrep facealis can hydrolyze the esculin
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what makes salt agar selective/ and differential
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the high salt concentration makes it selective for staph. it kills others. it is differential for staph aureus (fermentation) and staph epidermidus (non fermentaion)
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what does super oxide do?
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it is turned into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen
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what does hydrogen peroxide do
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it is turned into whater and oxygen by catalase
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what is an example of catalase postivie organisms
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staphylococcus and Bacillus
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waht does aglutinate mean
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to clump, join together in a cluster
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what is an allel
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alternate form of a gene
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waht is an antigen
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a foreign substance that ellicits an immune response and reacts with specific antibodies
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who discovered the 4 types of blood
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karl landsteiner aroun 1900
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what is antigen D
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it is the Rh Factor Rh+ has the antigen Rh - lacks
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waht is erythoblastosis
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when a fetus maternal anti Rh bodies enter the fetal circulation causing agglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes
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what is the universal blood donor
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type o
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what is theuniversal recipiant
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type ab
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