Ull Geology Dinosaur Test 4

Front 1

145-65 MYA

"Chalk bearing"

highest sea level ever

continents submerged

Back 1

Cretaceous Period

Front 2

Divided North America into Laramidia (west) and Appalachia (east)

Back 2

The Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway

Front 3

Tyrannosaurus and triceratops

Back 3

Laramidia (west)

Front 4

Hadrosaurus (duck-billed) and dryptosaurus (therapod)

Back 4

Appalachia (east)

Front 5

Isolated life of either sides (diversity variation)

North- hadrosaurs, horned dinos, tyrannosaurs

South- sauropods and allosaurs

Back 5

Interior Seaway

Front 6

This increased islands which lead to smaller dinos, dwarfed sauropods, and hadrosaurs; sea life thrived in shallow seas

Back 6

Increased sea level

Front 7

lush and warm, seasonality at poles, no ice caps, very high CO2

Back 7

Climate

Front 8

These kinds of plants appear

Back 8

Flowering (angiosperm)

Front 9

Evolved from marsupials or similar species

Back 9

Placental animals

Front 10

Multitberculates

Back 10

Early order of mammals that reproduced like marsupials

Front 11

Giant bivalve (clam) associated with the Interior Seaway

Back 11

Inoceramus

Front 12

1st true sea turtle

13 ft long (biggest ever)

Back 12

Archelon

Front 13

Largest bony fish in Cretaceous, fast swimmer, swallowed prey whole

Back 13

Xiphactinus

Front 14

Different types from 3-50 ft long, air breather, crocodile-like, lived in warm, shallow epeiric seas

Back 14

Mosasaurs

Front 15

One of longest plesiosaurs, most length in neck, more neck vertebrae than other animal (75), small/flat skull, long/narrow piercing teeth, paddles, pointed tail, air breather, gastroliths

Back 15

Elasmosaurus

Front 16

Pliosaur, short neck, flippers short tail, fed on turtles and plesiosaurs, air breather

Back 16

Kronosaurus

Front 17

Plesiosaurs:

long neck

small head

4 flippers

marine reptile

Back 17

Pliosaur:

short neck

large alligator head

hydrodynamic

Front 18

Found near large bodies of water, had crests for mating display, reptile not dino, hair?

Back 18

Pterosaurs

Front 19

Males had large head crest, 1st toothless beak, jaw points down like a bird, scleral ring suggests cathemeral (active day & night)

Back 19

Tapejara

Front 20

One of largest head crests

Back 20

Thalassodromeus

Front 21

Only from fragments in Europe and South America, 25-30ft wingspan

Back 21

Ornithocheirus

Front 22

More fossil specimens than any other pterosaur, no teeth, fish remains in stomach, streamlined skull for diving

Back 22

Pteranodon

Front 23

Largest flying animal ever, 39 ft wingspan, 8.5ft skull, toothless, one of the last pterosaurs, had large metabolic need so it stalked and fed on dinos and other vertebrates, found in Big Bend national park

Back 23

Quetzalcoatlus

Front 24

New species, 50 skeletons found together in Brazil, lived in colony or flock like flamingos, found in desert environment, juveniles were replicas of adults

Back 24

Caiuajara

Front 25

Ankylosaur (armored), basal (primitive), sacral shield (hip armor), shoulder spikes, ornithischian

Back 25

Gastonia

Front 26

Lived in Appallachia, shovel-like beak, teeth for plant eating, bodies similar, varied head ornamentation, deep/hollow calls

Back 26

Hadrosaurs

Front 27

Hadrosaur, bi or quadrupedal, crest elaborated with age

Back 27

Parasaurolophus

Front 28

Mating, recognition, temperature regulation, sound amplification

Back 28

Purpose of crests

Front 29

Rectangular, hatchet-like crest, tall ridge on back, delicate snout, selective feeder, conical tubercles along underside (wart-like projections)

Back 29

Corythosaurus

Front 30

Herbivores, horned, frills (for protection or thermoregulation)

Back 30

Ceratopsians

Front 31

"Parrot lizard," one of the earliest, bipedal, 4-fingered hands, one specimen had long filaments growing from tail

Back 31

Psittacosaurus

Front 32

Found in Laramidia, large neck frill, 2 long brow horns, 1 short nose horns, one of largest

Back 32

Triceratops

Front 33

Broad hands with spade-like claws, dug burrows to have young, juveniles preserved together in sand burrow

Back 33

Protoceratops

Front 34

Long snout, long,broad frill with 2 holes, some with brow horns, herds (preserved together), frill had a hook-like structure, varying nasal horns

Back 34

Chasmosaurus

Front 35

Similar to centrosaurus, 6 long spikes on neck frill (up to 22in), only juveniles had brow horns, blunt nasal horn

Back 35

Styracosaurus

Front 36

Curved nasal horn that curved more as matured, could've used it to fight, wavy neck frill with 2 spikes

Back 36

Einiosaurus

Front 37

Both predator and plant eating traits, short legs, wide hips, long neck, sickle-shaped claws, relatives had feathers, leaf-shaped and straight teeth, omnivore

Back 37

Falcarius

Front 38

Feathered with downy and regular feathers, plant-eating traits: toothless beak and cheek teeth

Back 38

Beipiaosaurus

Front 39

Crocodile-like snout, ate fish, teeth rounded (not oval), sail-like structure along back

Back 39

Spinosaurus

Front 40

"Shark-toothed lizard," very large, descendant of allosaurs, only in Southern hemisphere

Back 40

Carcharodontosaurus

Front 41

Herbivore, giant claws over 3 ft long to reach vegetation, small skull, long neck, 4-toed feet

Back 41

Therizinosaurus

Front 42

Blunt horns over eyes, light build, fast, long teeth, short skull with a not tapered snout, shortest arms

Back 42

Carnotaurus

Front 43

Growth spurt between 14-18 yrs old, in Laramidia, didn't live past 30 but still growing, could not chew, choking, small claws/arms (counterbalance head?)

Back 43

Tyrannosaurus Rex

Front 44

In Laramidia but farther north than T-rex, feathers for insulation?

Back 44

Nanuqsaurus

Front 45

One of largest brain to-body-size ratios, intelligent, forward facing eyes (nocturnal), great depth perception

Back 45

Troodon

Front 46

One of largest carnivores of all time, ate 44 lbs of meat a day, grew quickly, adulthood in 5-8yrs, fast for short periods of time (30mph), travel/ hunt in packs, homeothermy/ gigantothermy

Back 46

Gigantosaurus

Front 47

Homeothermy/ gigantothermy

Back 47

Large cold-blooded organisms that an maintain a more stable temperature

Front 48

New in the early cretaceous, bird-like, long arms, bird-like pelvis, Dromaeosaurus- new therapod

Back 48

Raptors

Front 49

Quill knobs (bumps) that are an indication of feathers, hunted in packs, not as big as in Jurassic Park

Back 49

Velociraptor

Front 50

20 ft long, sickle-clawed (9in toe claws), pin down prey, fast, good jumper

Back 50

Utahraptor

Front 51

Bird vs. dino, has characteristics of both, nocturnal, therapod, single claw on each forelimb

Back 51

Mononykus

Front 52

"Soundly sleeping dragon," sleep posture identical to modern day birds, evidence dinos were warm-blooded, link b/w dinos and birds

Back 52

Mei Long

Front 53

Therapod, bird, earliest bird with true beak, clawed fingers, mix of primitive and modern bird

Back 53

Confuciusornis

Front 54

Confined to Southern hemisphere (Gondwana), more in SA than any other continent

Back 54

Sauropods

Front 55

Enormous sauropods, armor, subtle differences in skull and bone

Back 55

Titanosaurs

Front 56

Heaviest land animal ever, longest?, 115ft long, complete skeleton never found, backbone as tall as man, traveled in groups, fossilized egg sites (gathered to nest)

Back 56

Argentinosaurus

Front 57

1st sauropod known to have armored, bony plates

Back 57

Saltasaurus

Front 58

Alamosaurus

Ampelosaurus

Dreadnoughtus

Back 58

Other titanosaurs, diverse

Front 59

Twice the length of modern crocodile, skull 5ft long, bulbous snout, good sense of smell

Back 59

Sarcosuchus

Front 60

"Devil frog," spiky flanges protruding from the back of its skull, plate-like armor down back like a turtle shell, ambush predator

Back 60

Beelzebufo

Front 61

Magnolia trees and waterlilies but non-angiosperm plants still dominated

Back 61

Early flowering plants

Front 62

Accumulation of marine plankton- coccoliths

Back 62

Chalks

Front 63

Tidal flat or lagoon deposits near interior seaway, had allosaurs, crocodile- like, and sauropod tracks, limestone deposits

Back 63

Glen Rose Formation (Texas)

Front 64

Iridium layer at what boundary

Back 64

Cretaceous/ Paleogene

Front 65

65 MYA

Marks global biotic collapse:

90% planktonic extinct

50% reptile families (all dinos)

25% mammalian families

80% bird families

Back 65

Cretaceous- Paleogene (Tertiary) Boundary

Front 66

Non-avian dinos, marine reptiles, pterosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist clams

Back 66

1/2 worlds species that went extinct

Front 67

Mammals, birds, small reptiles, insects, etc

Back 67

Species not completely extinct

Front 68

Sea lvl dropped, W Interior Seaway disappeared

Angiosperm leaves more digitated

Back 68

Climate cooled

Global refrigeration

Front 69

Collision b/w India and Asia

Deccan Traps, Asia

Back 69

Volcanic activity

Volcanism

Front 70

Iridium clay layer, shocked quartz, 180km crater at Chicxulub, Mexico

Back 70

Meteorite impact

Front 71

Rocks melted and mixed together, asteroid 6 miles across, Iridium/ shocked quartz layer with tektites, flash fires, tsunamis, reduction in global temperature

Back 71

Chicxulub Crater