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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name some things that can be done to limit morbidity and mortality in the neonate.
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Limit pathogen exposure, promote transfer of IgG, vaccinate, provide adequate nutrition, minimize stress, monitor for disease, and institute treament promply when needed
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When after birth should a newborn calf be able to breath, maintatin sternal recumbency, stand, suckle, and raise their HR to 100 bpm.
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Breath - 30 seconds
Sternal - 15 minutes Stand - 3 hours Suckle - 6 hours HR >100 bpm - 10 minutes |
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How much IgG must be ingested to assure adequate passive transfer of colostrum? What should the serum levels of IgG be?
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125 grams
10 mg/mL |
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What is the difference between how colostrum is administered to beef and dairy calves?
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Beef calves suckle and dairy calves are bottle fed
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Name 3 factors that influence colostral IgG concentration in the dam.
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Age (# of lactations- (>3 = higher IgG conc)), amount of colostrum produced (higher amount = lower IgG conc), and the interval between calving and milking (higher interval = lower IgG conc)
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What is the most commonly used method to asses IgG concentration in colostrum and how does it work?
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Hygrometer (Colostrometer) that measures the specific gravity of the colostrum
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How much milk should a dairy calf consume in a day?
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2 liters or 10% to 12% of their body weight
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What do high quality milk replacements contain that low quality milk replacements do not?
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milk-by-products
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When are beef and dairy calves normally weaned?
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Dairy calves are weaned once they are consuming 1 to 1.5lbs of calf starter feed or 1% of their body weight (4 to 8 weeks). Beef calves are weaned after about 4 to 6 months.
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What is the gold standard to assess the adequacy of colostral IgG transfer?
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RID or ELISA
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What is the most common method of assessing the adequacy of colostral IgG transfer? What should the readings be for appropriate transfer?
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Serum total protein concentration; >5.2 g/dl
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When using the sodium sulfite precipitation test, precipitate present in what percent of solution indicates FPT?
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18%
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E. Coli affects calves of what age?
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<4 days
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Rotavirus affects calves of what age?
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4-21 days
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Coronavirus affects calves of what age?
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4-21 days
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Cryptosporidium parvum affects calves of what age?
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5-28 days
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Salmonella affects calves of what age?
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5-21 days
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If the cause of diarrhea in a calf is not associated with an organsim, what is the likely cause?
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Nutrition
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If you find diarrhea in a calf over 21 days of age, what is the likely cause of diarrhea?
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Coccidiosis
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What are the 6 common causes of diarrhea in a calf less than 21 days old?
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Nutritional, Salmonella, Crypto, E. coli, Rotavirus, Coronavirus
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What are the two virulence factors of E. coli and how do they work?
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F5 fimbria- allow bacteria to adhere to epithelial cell receptors of small intestinal villi
STa toxin (heat stable toxin)- causes hypersecretion of fluid and electrolytes leading to inhibition of Na-Cl cotransporter leading to excessive loss of Na and Cl into the small intestinal lumen |
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How do vaccines and oral antibody products protect against enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrhea?
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The antibody binds to the F5 fimbria before the ETEC binds to intestinal epithelium
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What is the basic pathopysiology of the rotavirus and coronavirus?
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Both of these affect the epithelial cells and cause sloughing of these cells resulting in malabsorption and maldigestion causing a osmotic/fermentativ diarrhea
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What is the basic pathophysiology of crypto?
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Oocysts are ingested and go through life cycle back to oocysts. There are two types of oocysts- thin walled and thick walled. Thin walled oocysts cause autoinfection. thick walled oocysts are immediately infective. Both result in villous atrophy and maldigestion/malabsorption causing an osmotic/fermentative diarrhea.
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Name 4 zoonotic pathogens that affect calves.
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Salmonella, E. coli, cryptosporidium, giardia
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Why do veterinarians often not pursue an etiologic diagnosis in calves with diarrhea?
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Cost and because all are treated the same
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How do you definitively diagnose ETEC?
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Detection of F5 producing E. coli and characteristic histologic lesions
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How do you definitively diagnose rotavirus? How do you definitively diagnose coronavirus?
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By presence of the virus and characteristic histologic lesions. The same as above.
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How do you definitively diagnose cryptosporidium?
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By presence of oocysts in feces or trophoziotes/schizonts in intestinal epithelium and characteristic histologic lesions
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