Uic Com Histo Test 3

Front 1

name the general layers of GI tissue in order

Back 1

mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa), submucosa (CT), muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia (where applicable)

Front 2

describe the levels of folding found in the GI tract

Back 2

plicae circularis (submucosal), villi (mucusal), microvilli (cellular)

Front 3

what cell types can be found in a gastric gland?

Back 3

mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells, adult stem cells

Front 4

what cells secrete intrinsic factor? what pathology results from its absence?

Back 4

parietal cells. B12 deficiency -> pernicious (megaloblastic anemia)

Front 5

Where are chief cells found? What do they secrete?

Back 5

deep in fundus of gastric glands, eosinophilic apical boundary (zymogen granules), basophilic basal. secrete pepsinogen

Front 6

Where are parietal cells found, describe their morphology and secretions

Back 6

found in the neck and lower of fundic glands, are triangular eosinophilic cells with intracellular canaliculi, secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

Front 7

what is the function of open enteroendocrine cells

Back 7

act as chemoreceptor cells to modify secretion based on lumenal content

Front 8

between which layers is Auerbachs plexus found? Meissners?

Back 8

Auerbach's (myenteric) is between the longitudinal and circular muscularis externa

Meissners - between muscularis and submucosa

Front 9

what cells types are found in the intestinal mucosa?

Back 9

enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, M cells

Front 10

what is the function / location / morphology of paneth cells?

Back 10

found in the bases of intestinal glands, they have a basophilic basal cytoplasm, intensely acidophilic apical cyto, maintain intestinal flora through lysozymes and alpha-defensin secretion

Front 11

What is the function / location / morphology of M cells?

Back 11

epithelial cells which overlie peyer's patches in intestines. named for microfolds (not microvilli) on apical surface, act as APCs, transport antigen filled vessicles from lumen to basal CD4+ T cells

Front 12

What is the function of enterocytes?

Back 12

mainly absorption

Front 13

What are brunner's glands and where are they localized?

Back 13

submucosal glands found in the duodenum which secrete alkaline zymogen containing fluid

Front 14

what cell types are present in the liver?

Back 14

endothelial cells, fat storing Ito cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, cholangiocytes

Front 15

what cell types are found in the canals of hering?

Back 15

liver stem cells, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes

Front 16

what is secreted by the exocrine pancreas?

Back 16

zymogens of: peptidases, lipases amylase, nucleolytic enzymes (these are activated by trypsin which is activated in glycocalyx of intestinal absorptive cells)

Front 17

describe the granule morphology of the 3 principle islet cells

Back 17

A cells have smallest granules with dark rounded core surrounded by a light edge, B cells are larger with angular core and light edges, D cells are lighter with homogeneous contents

Front 18

what are the acidophils of the adenohypophysis?

Back 18

somatotropes (GH cells) and lactotropes (mammotrophs, PRL cells)

Front 19

what are the basophils of the adenohypophysis?

Back 19

corticotropes (ACTH), gonadotropes (FSH, LH), and thryotropes (TSH)

Front 20

what cells are analagous to glial cells in the neurohypophysis?

Back 20

pituicytes

Front 21

what are hering bodies?

Back 21

aggregations of synapses in the neurohypophysis enriched in ADH or oxytocin

Front 22

which hypothalamic nucleus is enriched in oxytocin synthesis?

Back 22

paraventricular nucleus

Front 23

is the pineal gland incapsulated?

Back 23

yes

Front 24

what is unique about synapses in the pineal gland?

Back 24

they are ribbon synapses, have presynaptic dense bodies consisting of many vessicles, allows for rapid exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Front 25

What are C cells?

Back 25

calcitonin producing parafollicular cells in thyroid gland - never border lumen of thyroids cysts

Front 26

what is the function of thyroid peroxidase?

Back 26

to convert iodide to iodine

Front 27

what protein is important for increasing the half life of thyroid secretions?

Back 27

thyroxine binding protein

Front 28

which hormone opposes the effect of calcitonin?

Back 28

PTH

Front 29

what is graves disease?

Back 29

an autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism -> goiter, bulging eyes, weight loss

Front 30

which cell types are present in parathyroid?

Back 30

chief cells (secrete PTH have glycogen inclusions and CaSR) and oxyphil cells - larger

Front 31

what is the function of adrenal cortex

Back 31

derived from mesodermal mesenchyme - secrete steroids

Front 32

what is the function of the adrenal medulla?

Back 32

secretion of catecholamines

Front 33

what are the three histological layers of the adrenal gland?

Back 33

zona glomerolosa (ovoid), zona fasciculata (fascicles), zona reticularis (anastamosing fibers, closer nuclei than ZF)

Front 34

what hormones are secreted in ZG?

Back 34

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, end product of RAA system)

Front 35

what disease is associated with tumors of the ZG?

Back 35

conn's syndrome

Front 36

what hormones are secreted in ZG?

Back 36

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, end product of RAA system)

Front 37

what disease is associated with tumors of the ZG?

Back 37

conn's syndrome

Front 38

where are glucocorticoids such cortisol synthesized?

Back 38

the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Front 39

what is cushings sysdrome?

Back 39

functional tumor of the zona fasciculata. increases cortisol production -> infertility, unique fat distribution, depression

Front 40

what is the main secretion of the zona reticulata? what moderates its release?

Back 40

DHEA (which is converted into testosterone) and results in mild masculization. Released in response to ACTH

Front 41

what are chromaffin cells?

Back 41

axon-less postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla. contain 100-300 nm secretory vessicles

Front 42

what are the three major salivary glands?

Back 42

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

Front 43

which of the major salivary glands has entirely serous secretions?

Back 43

parotid

Front 44

which of the major salivary glands contains mixed mucous and serous cells?

Back 44

submandibular

Front 45

which of the major salivary glands contains predominantly mucous cells?

Back 45

sublingual

Front 46

describe the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 46

cuboidal, w/ microvilli, lots of mitochondria (arranged in rows), extensive basal interdigitations

Front 47

which cells secrete renin?

Back 47

juxtaglomerular cells

Front 48

which cells regulate renin secretion?

Back 48

cells of the macula densa

Front 49

what is kallman's syndrome?

Back 49

deficiency in the migration of neuronal cells from the olfactory pit -> hypogonadism with inability to smell

Front 50

what is a distinguishing feature of a graafian follicle

Back 50

cumulus oophorus - stand of granulosa cells