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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is an endocrine function of skin?
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secretes hormones and growth factors, most importantly converts precursors into active vitamin D
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where is thick skin found? how does it differ from thin skin?
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Palms and soles - doesnt have hair follicles and has stratum lucidum
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where are epidermal stem cells found?
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in the stratum basale
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From what germ layer is the dermis derived?
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Mesoderm
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Which epidermal layer is characterized by cellular attachments processes with desmosomes?
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stratum spinosum
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The "thickness" of thick vs think skin refers the dimension of which structure?
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The epidermis, specifically the stratum corneum
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In which layer are blood vessels and nerve processes most prominent?
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the papillary layer
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Where is the water barrier found? What is it made of?
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Just below the stratum corneum, made of extracellular lipid layer and cytoplasmic protein layer
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What are lamellar bodies? What is their function and where are they found?
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granules containing lipids and lipid processing enzymes in keratinocytes that are excreted to form the lipid layer of the water barrier
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Where are melanocytes found? What is their function?
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In the stratum basale - produce and secrete melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes,
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Which skin cells are characterized by the presence of 80nm secretory granules
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Merkels cells
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What are the three types of encapsulated nerve endings?
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Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure/vibration), meissners corpuscles (light touch), ruffinis corpuscle (stretch, torque)
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Where are meissners corpuscles found?
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In the dermal papillae
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What class of gland are sebaceous glands?
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Holocrine - they secrete product by apoptosing after filling themselves with secretory granules
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Describe the two classes of sweat glands
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Eccrine - independent structures on most of the body. Apocrine - limited distribution, large lumen, release protein rich sweat w/ pheremones
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What are sweat glands innervated by?
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sympathetic nervous system
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what are some examples of antigen presenting cells?
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B cells, macrophages, dendriditic lymph cells, langerhans cell in epidermis
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what are plasma cells derived from?
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B cells
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what are some roles of helper T cells?
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interact with B cells to promote their proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells or memory cells, signals macrophages to digest presented antigen sources
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by what mechanism do natural killer cells kill other cells?
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lysis with perforin proteins
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what cells express MHCII ?
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antigen presenting cells
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what complex does CD8 recognize?
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MHC1
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what are PALS and where are they found?
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peri-arteriole lymphoid sheath, associated with blood vessels in the spleen
rich in T lymphocytes |
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describe the respiratory epithelium
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pseudostratified ciliated epithelia, lots of goblet cells, pronounced basement membrane
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what are some characteristics of bronchioles?
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generally under 5 mm diameter airways, lack cartilage plates, surrounded by layered concentric smooth muscle, smaller bronchioles have proportionally more elastic fibers
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what are Clara cells?
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found in terminal bronchioles, have basophilic grandules, secrete surfactant and contain detoxification enzymes (p450, ABs lysozymes etc). bulging cobblestone cytoplasm
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what are type II respiratory epithelial cells?
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large, non squamus cells in alveolar epthelia. contain lamellar bodies that are secreted to release surfactant
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describe a sensory epithelium
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a "layered" culumnar epithelium with stem cells, axons, and epithelial cells. do NOT have goblet cells. contain sub epithelial mucus glands
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what are the 3 meninges layers?
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(outer) dura mater, arachnoid mater (and the trabacular subarachnoid space), and pia mater (inner)
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describe the function of astrocytes
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astrocytes are the largest glial cells, and they act mostly as sealant cells around brain vasculature (feet). 2 types - protoplasmic in grey matter have synapses at feet, fibrous in white matter have NoR at feet
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what are Nissl bodies?
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dense collections of ER and ribosomes in neurons, found everywhere except for axon
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what are microglia, their function?
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resident macrophages of brain and spinal cord, generally inactive and have a stellate appearance, but condense when activated and act as generalized immune cells as well as macrophages
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what are the epidermal cells of the cns ventricular system calles? describe their morphology
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ependymal cells, simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
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what are the epidermal cells of the cns ventricular system calles? describe their morphology
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ependymal cells, simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
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what are epithelial reticular cells?
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found in the thymus, pale staining cells w/ light nucleus (nucleolus present) which assist in T cell maturation
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what are Hassall corpuscles?
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Whorl-like aggregates of epithelial reticular cells in thymic medulla
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describe the process of vesicle fusion w/ presynaptic membrane
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influx of Ca2+ -> SNARE mediated connection to PM, then replacement by syntaptotagmin -> exocytosis or porocytosis
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which molecular motors are responsible for anterograde neuronal transport?
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kinesins
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name 4 examples of peripheral neuroglia
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scwhann cells, satellite cells, terminal neuroglia, enteric neuroglia
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what are the regions of cytoplasmic inclusions in PNS myelin sheaths referred to as?
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schmidt - lanterman cleft
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describe the process of potassium spatial buffering in the CNS
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astrocytes take up large amounts of K+ and disperse it over large areas covered by their processes, keeping [K+] low and consistent near neurons
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what is the cell responsible for myelination in the CNS? contrast this process to myelination in the PNS
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oligodendrocytes, larger nodes of ranvier, no outer lamina and little outer cytoplasm, unmyelinated CNS neurons are often bare, while they would be covered by a schwann cell in the PNS
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what is traumatic neuroma?
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disorganized growth of nerve tissue following injury
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name 4 endothelial derived vasoconstrictors
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endothelins, ACE, prostaglandin H2, thromboxane A2
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describe high endothelial capillaries
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found in lymph nodes, they are the site of cellular exchange between the circulation and lymph system - selectins on surface
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what is von willebrands factor's function?
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glycoprotein in vascular endothelia, it activates platelets at the site of injury
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describe 2 functions of T helper cells
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interact w/ B cells (CD40/CD40L, CD4/MHCII) to feedback with ILs -> prompt differentiation into plasma cells and Bmem cells. interact w/ macrophages (CD4/MHCII, CD28) to upregulate their digestion of absorbed material
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what receptor allows NK cells to recognize antigens
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the Fc/AB complex
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which Ig is responsible for lending passive immunity to fetus?
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IgG
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Which Ig binds complement most efficiently?
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IgM
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which antibodies act as Ag receptors on B cells?
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IgM and IgD
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which Ig is in lowest serum concentration?
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IgD
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which Ig is generally responsible for anaphylactic hypersensitivity rxns?
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IgE
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which Ig is found in colostrum?
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IgA
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which trophpblastic layer persists throughout the life of a placental villus?
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syncytiotrophoblasts
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which portion of the placenta is maternally derived?
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the decidua basalis
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