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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are radionulcides produced
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by a reactor
thermal neutron is caputured by a stable nuclide |
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What type of radionuclides are produced by a cyclotron
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67 Ga
123-I 201-Tl (thalium) PET scan products as well. |
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How does a cyclotron form radionuclide
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collision of the target nuclide with a charged particle (protons, neutrons, helium, alpha particles)
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What is the mechanism of production of a nuclide 133 and 99 Mo (molibdium)
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the target will spit and then the smaller nucleus undergoes fission to form the target nuclide
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What element is technicium formed from
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molybdium
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What is the half life of technium 99m
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6 h
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What is the product of technicium 99m
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regular technicium 99 (which is radioactive with a very long half life)
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What is the half-life of 81- rabidium
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4.7 h
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What forms 81m Kr (krypton)?
What is the half-life of 81m Kr |
81 rabidium
13 sec |
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What is the byproduct of 81m Kr
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regular 81 Kr (which is not radioactive)
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What is krypton used for sometimes?
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ventilation scans
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What makes Mo-99/Tc-99m
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a Mo-99/Tc-99m generator
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What is the impurity of Tc-99m
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molybdium
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What is the effect of having Molybiuum contaminant
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increased radiation and worse image quaility
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How does the physical evalutation of molybdium work
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Molybdium has higher energy (740Kev) and the principle is to block the lower energy tc from penetrating a shield leaving only the molybdium
Note there is also a chemical test |
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What is another 2 impurity of technicium
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aluminum and this will result in lower quality images
hydrolyzed technicium (can be seen in the liver of a bone scan) |
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How is alminum contaiminate evaluated
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by chemical test (done by nuclear medicine technologist)
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What are two quality control measures done by all hospitals prior to using these substances
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check radiochemical purity
radiopharmaceutical sterility and pyrogenicity |
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What is the standard imaging device in nuclear medicine
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gamma camera
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What is the detector made from
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sodium iodide and thalium
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How does the detector work
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not sure but sounds like the thalium activates the NaI (sodium iodide) and this causes scintillations.
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What does spect stand for
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single photon emission comptuted tomographys
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What is spect/CT
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a spect scanner attached to a CT scanner
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What quality control measures are done to the gamma camera
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intrinsic field uniformity---this is done daily by removing the collimator and putting camera on a point source
extrinsic field uniformity (done with collimator on and test the linearity) this is done daily with a point source |
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What type of errors may occur with a gamma camera
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a flood error
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What are some causes of flood errors
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phototube multiplier error
energy error (setting error) poorly mixed flood cracked crystal |
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What are some setting on the gamma camera that has to be checked daily on gamma camera
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spatial resolution
linearity (parrel line phantons) |
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What has to be checked monthly on the gamma camera
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sensititivy and center of rotation on the spect
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What has to be checked every 6 months on gamma camera
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energy resolution, temporal resolution, energy registration, accesorry devices,
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On the flood fields what are you looking for
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uniformity
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How is resolution checked on the gamma camera
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by using bar phantoms. If the lines are blurry that means loss of resolution
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What does a center of rotation error
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on flood field there is a big ring artifact.
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What are 4 different types of detector material used for PET systems
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BGO, LSO, GSO and NaI
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What are the major isotopes produced by cyclotrons for PET
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18F
13N 15O 11C |
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How many images are dectected simultaneously by PETs
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most range from 15 -30 or more transaxial images
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Do all the detectors materials work well for FDG
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yes
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What is the most clinically useful isotope and why
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18F because it has a long enough half life (all the others that can be made are not commercially available bc there half-lifes are too short)
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Are a PET and CT done at the same time
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no, they are off set (the CT would destroy the PET detector)
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What causes two opposite directed KEV photons to occur in PET
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a positron comes out of a nucleus and hits an electron
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Who are authorized users of radionuclides
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licensed physicians, dentist or podiatrist
(every radiology practice with nuc med has an authorized user) |
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What does being an authorized user enable you to do
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write directives for I131
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What is the Gray equivalent to a rad
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1 rad = 0.01 gray (gy)
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How many rads is 1 gray
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100
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When discussing absorbed dose what units are discussed
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rads and grays
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When talking about dose equivalents what are the units that are used
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rem and sievert (Sv)
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How many Sv is 1 rem
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0.01
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How many Sv is 100 rem
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1 sv
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What does dose equivalents allow us to talk about
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risks of dosages of radiation independent of the type of radiation
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What are 'activity measurements'
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Curies and becquerels
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How much is 1 mCi
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3.7 MBq
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How disintegrations/second is 1 curie
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3.7 x 10^10
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How many disintegrations/second is 1becquerel
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1
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What is the concept used for physicians to present radiation exposure
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as low as reasonable achievable
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When is a sign required for radiation exposure
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if there is < 2mrem/hr and < 100mrem over 7 consecutive days
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What are 3 types of radiation signs
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radiation area sign
high radiation area sign caution radioactive material sigm |
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When is a regular radiation area sign required
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> 5 mrem/hr at 30cm from a source
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When is a high radiation area sign required
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> 100mrem/hr at 30cm from a source
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What common radiation badge that we use for radiation detection
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film badge
(always should be worn at work) |
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Who is required to where a badge
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personnel likely to recieve > 10% of occupational dose limits
any minor pregnant female |
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When should a radioactive package start being monitored
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by 3hours after arrival on the first working day
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How is radioactive material monitored
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logged and placed in a shielded area
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Should you monitor the external surface of yellow or white labeled packages for radioactive contamination
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yes
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What is the accepted variation in prescribed doses
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20%
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Is there a computer that has the actual amount of radiation that a patient recieved
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yes and this is the amount that should go in the report
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Who must be notified if there is going to be a deviation from the normal amount of radiation given
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the authorized user
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What is the public dose limit or radiation
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100mrem effective dose equivalent
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What is the annual occupation dose of radiation allowed to the whole body, eye, organ
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5rem to the body
15 to the eye 50 rem organ |
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What is the most of the fetal radiation exposure during pregnancy
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500mrem
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What should be done if there is 5x maximum recommended radiation exposure in 24 h
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immediately notify NRC
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What is the maximum dosage of radiation for a hospitalized patient
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500mrem limit
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What is the best way to limit radiation dosage exposure to technologist
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limit the amount of time radiotracer is being handled
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What has radiotracer commonly used causes significant radiation exposure
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iodine 131 because it is a beta emittor
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What is required in all rooms that use xenon
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special exhaust systems (room needs to be approved)
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What must be done to all modified unit doses
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most be assayed in a dose calibrator to ensure it is correct prior to administraton.
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What is recommended to be on all syringes and vials with radioactive material
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the radiopharmaceutical name
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Are vial shields recommmended
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yes, but not required
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What are PET shields usually made of
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tungsten
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How much do syringe and vial shields decrease dosage
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by a factor of 3
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What is a written directive
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a dated and signed written order by a AU
name, drug, dose, route of administration |
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When is a written directive required i
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if greater than 30uCi of I-131 is given or any therapeutic dosage of byproduct material
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What is the rule for releasing a patient that is still given off radiation
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they can leave as long as any other individual is not likely to exceed 500mrem
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What should be given to a patient if it is possible to expose others to greater than 100mrem
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instruction to minimize doses
avoid pregnant women for 2 wks and keep distance from everyone else for a week |
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How far should someone stay from other person
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stay 1 meter from others for 5-7 days
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What is the release from the hospital of patients with Iodine 131 based on
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retained activity (must have less than 33mCi)
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What happens if a pt with I-131 leaves AMA
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notify NRC
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If a pt is traveling to the airport after getting radiation he should have what
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a letter with information regarding procedure
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How is radioactive material disposed of
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it first goes to a container in the hospital for a time until it is no longer dangerous
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What is the dose limit to an infant
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500mrem
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What is the cessation guideline for breastfeeding
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flourine 18- no stop
technitium 99m 0- 24h gallium, indium 1-4wks Iodine-131 stop |
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What are the two classification of radiation spills
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major and minor
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Who should be notified after a radiaition spill
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the radiation saftey officer
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