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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three stages of starvation
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1. glucose sparing: everything stops using glucose except NS. Use protein instead → lose muscle mass, organs, tissues
2. protein sparing: stop using protein for energy. Go back to using glucose/fat (higher % = fat → ketoacidosis) 3. glucose sparing: use whatever protein left → a.a. → pyruvate → glucose (conversion in liver) Starvation takes 3-4 months assuming water. W/O water, much quicker. |
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Lipoprotein
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Means of fat transport in blood. Liver decides what to do based on lipid/protein ratio.
1. chylomicron: fewest in #, lowest density. Intestine → liver. 2. VLDL: changes form rapidly. Slightly higher conc. of chol. & TG. Liver → cells 3. LDL: “bad” high conc. of chol & TG. Liver → cells 4. HDL: “good” low conc. of chol. & TG. Cells → liver |
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Neg. & pos. aspect for including meat in diet.
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neg = ↑sat. Fat → ↑LDL “bad” cholesterol → heart disease
pos = protein is not the main source of energy but.. • Protein: building blocks for muscle, cartilage, bone, skin. Also, for enzyme, hormone, neurotransmitters • has iron → ↑Hb. (also, protein increases iron uptake) • Has B vitamins → RBC |
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Definition of vitamins
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• Essential
• No calories • Char. Deficiency/toxicity • Small, organic molecules • Acts as coenzymes |
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Which organisms cannot make vitamins
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• Guinea pigs
• Fruit bats • Monkeys • Humans |
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Toxicities of water soluble vitamins
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1. direct effect: ↑↑vit. C → ↑ kidney stone = false + for diabetes test
2. megadose: ↑↑vit. C → rebound scurvy (ie in pregnant women) 3. masks symptoms: folic acid supplements masks vit. B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia), but doesn’t correct the other side effects (ie. Neurological symptoms) 4. interactions: ↑↑ vit. C → ↑ vit E & Fe absorption 5. ↑ water soluble vitamins → ↑ fat soluble vitamins |
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what is Vit. A (description, deficiency, toxicity)
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Description = fat soluble vitamin. Retinal,retinol,retinoicacid. Derived from beta-carotene, changed into vit. A (stored in liver)
Deficiency = night blindness, abnormal epithelial cells, abnormal reproductive cycle, improper bone growth Toxicity = |
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Vit. D (description, production pathway, function, toxicity, deficiency)
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Description = fat soluble protein
Production = Skin: 7-dehydrocholesterol –uv→ vit. D (circulating in blood) Liver: → 25-hydroxy D3 Kidney: 1,25-dihydroxy D3 (active) Functions = 1. ↑ bone resorption 2. ↓ Ca++ excretion 3. ↑ Ca++ absorption in GI Deficiency = osteoporosis Toxicity = atherosclerosis & hypercalcemia → death |
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Vitamin C (aka-name, descript, function, deficiency, toxicity)
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“ascorbic acid” structurally similar to carb.
Function = • anti-oxidant • helps make collagen • makes neurotransmitters and hormones (adrenaline) • helps make carnitine for transport of FA into mitochondria Deficiency = scurvy (cured w/ 10 mg/day) Toxicity = • megadose → rebound scurvy (esp pregnant women) • vit.C enhances Fe absorption → hemachromatosis • ↑vit.C → ↑vit. E and ↑↑vit. E → bleeding (b/c it’s an anti-coagulant) … but Vit.E is necessary as anti-oxidant • kidney stones (false pos. for diabetes) • thickening of arteries → high BP (collagen makes arteries harden) |
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What might cause Vit. C deficiency?
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Smoking. Nicotine ↓’s vit.C absorption
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vit. A & D deficiency might lead to:
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Rickets (bone disease, esp in children)
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Niacin (description, deficiency, toxicity)
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Deficiency → pellagra (dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis)
Trptophan → niacin → 200 mg/day Niacin → ↓ BP via vasodilation |
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What are macrominerals
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minerals required in large amts: Ca++, Na+, Mg++, K+
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What are trace elements (microminerals)
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Fe, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, Mn, F-
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fxn of minerals
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1. cofactor → ↑ rxn rate
2. oxygen → Fe makes Hb… as does Cu 3. redox → Cu required to make cytochrome oxidase in ETC to generate ATP |
