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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Urban and Regional Planning? |
Planning is “…a systematic, creative way toinfluence and respond to a wide variety ofchanges occurring in a neighborhood, in a city,in an entire region, or around the world.” Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)Choosing a Career in Urban and Regional Planning |
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Urban Design/Form |
The physical organization of land uses and the creation of their architecturally styled connections into a coherent environment --> General Plans |
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Tradition of Law |
The legal rationale for imposing public limitations on private land -->Zoning Regulations |
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Elements of the General Plan |
Land use, Circulation, Housing, Conservation, Open Space, Noise, Safety (Optional: Parks and Rec, Design, Historical Preservation, etc.) |
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Zoning ordinances |
Designed to translate the general plan’s broadstatements into specific requirements of individual landowners |
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The Village of Euclid v. Amber Reality Co |
(1926) U.S. Supreme Court upheld a zoning ordinance which prevented AmberRealty from building a commercial structure in a residential zone. Firmly established that a municipality could impose an uncompensatedloss on a property owner through the mechanism of land-use controls |
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Dimensions of Land Use Regulation |
1. Type of Use (residential, commercial, etc) 2. Bulk: set backs, FAR 3. Impact/Performance: Parking, hiding unsightly aspects |
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Zoning Tools + Flexibility |
1. Non-Conforming Use: usually grandfathered in and phased out over time 2. Variance: a permit that allows a landowner to do somethinghe could not otherwise do 3. CUP: local governments can permit specific uses in a zonethat might otherwise not be allowed |
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Land Use Planning – Legislative Acts |
• Policy Statements (Like the legislature or Congress- Rules by which everyone must play) • General Policy Decisions- General and Specific Plan- Zoning Ordinances • Approved by City Council |
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Land Use Planning – Quasi-Judicial Acts |
• Interprets Policy for IndividualDevelopment Projects- Interprets rather than set policy- Like a court might apply precedentsto a case • Discretionary review- Conditional Use Permits- Zoning Variances • Approved by the PlanningCommission |
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Land Use Planning – Ministerial Acts |
Permits - approved by Staff |
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1860-1910: Reasons for Urbanization? |
1. Industrial Revolution - Mass production factory replaces the handicraft shop 2. Large national population growth - immigration, etc 3. Increased productivity of agriculture 4. Low Cost Transportation - railroads and steam ships |
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Tenement |
Crowded, subdivided residential buildings often occupied by immigrants or other low wage earners. Known for being unsafe and unsanitary |
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Jacob Riis |
Used early photography to document the tenements of NYC in "How the Other Half Lives" |
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Reform Movement Goals |
- Fixing the sewers - Building new water systems - Clearing the roads of unnecessary traffic - Ensuring the safety of children’s milk - Teaching immigrants social and business skills- Housing with more natural light and space - Providing parks and playgrounds |
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Jane Addams |
Part of the Reform Movement; founded Hull House in Chicago |
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Charles Booth |
Sanitation Maps of London (1889) |
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1901 Tenement Housing Law in NYC |
-Restricted lot coverage - Required separate bathroom for each apartment, courtyards (forlight and ventilation) - Improved fire safety - Created housing inspectors |
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Reform: Parks and Open Space |
- Important for labor force - Brings civility of Nature to the city - Less congestion *Central Park in NYC |
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Central Park (NYC) |
- Fredrick Olmstead and Calvert Vaux won Central Park design contestin 1856 - A major goal was good health and moral and aesthetic refinement,especially of lower classes - planned “natural” setting: insular park, bridges to separate traffic, few buildings |
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Frederick Law Olmsted |
- Father of Landscape Architecture - Central Park, NYC - Riverside, IL - College campuses (Stanford) - Curvilinear streets |
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Ebenezer Howard |
- Proposed a new city design: The Garden City |
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The Garden City |
- Idea developed by Ebenezer Howard - "Town-Country Magnet" -Towns = good wages, social, opportunity -Country = beauty, healthy, affordable - Solution to overcrowded and unhealthy urban cities - Independent: owned by trustees and leased to residents |
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Irvine as Garden City |
1. UCI's circular layout 2. Master planned 3. Included “superblocks” which insulated neighborhood traffic fromthrough traffic 4. Green belts |
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The City Beautiful Movement |
Focused on civic art and architecture: - Monuments, plazas, large squares, fountains, civic centers - Public buildings grouped, compatible, and neoclassical indesign - Grand boulevards diagonal to grid pattern providing views ofcivic center, opening city |
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Origins of City Beautiful |
-Classical: Greek/Roman architecture -Renaissance: monumental buildings & public squares; focus on elite/monarchy -Baroque era: Ornamental, gardens, boulevards, open space, symbols of upper class |
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Baron von Haussman |
French architect who opened up Paris in 1850s and 1860s § Built grand boulevards that crisscrossed the city to openit up, make it more traversable, open ceremonial spaces § Constructed a system of sewers, gas lines, and gaslightsto modernize city § Seen as a solution to congestion and the slums: Cut abroad thoroughfare through unwholsome districts |
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1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago |
"World's Fair" & "White City" • The Birth of American city planning • Designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr. • Carefully integrated combination of landscaped areas,promenades, exposition halls • Quintessential of "City Beautiful" |
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Daniel Burnham |
- "Make no little plans" - Chicago Plan - Lead on the "White City" |
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Burnham's Plan of Chicago: 6 elements |
• Improvement of the lakefront • A Regional highway system • Railway terminal improvements • New outer parks • Systematic arterials including diagonals • Civic and cultural centers ***Precursor of the General Plan |
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"Selling" the Chicago Plan |
- Business interests and investment - movie as propganda - Summary of plan to Chicago's owners and renters - details in an 8th grade textbook |
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First National Conference on City Planning |
1909: - Organized by Benjamin Marsh - Marked the decline of the City Beautiful movement - Called for a reorientation of planning: efficient land use and transportation; fight congestion - Promoted the “zone system” used in German cities |
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Benjamin Marsh |
- Organized the First National Conference on City Planning (1909) - Social reformer, concerned with public health - Planning should: --Address the well-being of the urban poor --- Advocate for separate zoning districts ----- Provide new public housing to relieve overcrowding |
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Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr. |
- Sought to create a “science of planning” ---how to incorporate new scientific and technical tools into their practice of analyzing and designing efficient cities - Chairman of the 2nd national planning conference |
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The Principles of Scientific Management |
Frederick Taylor (1911) -- Business interests swayed city planners to adopt scientificmanagement practices of Taylorism -- Statistics, and scientific tools to create a rational city design |
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Progressive Era in U.S. (1900-1920) |
• Social activism and political reform • Eliminate corruption in government • Targeted political machines and their bosses • Sought to establish more “direct” democracy •Progressive Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-09; William Taft, 1909-13; Woodrow Wilson, 1913-21 |
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Progressive Era's (1900-1920) Effects on Planning |
-Remove city-building from the realm of politics --Many plans were privately funded - Merging of executive and legislative functions (city manager + planning commission) - Change in form of representation– citywide elections vs. by ward |
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Patrick Geddes |
- Scottish professor/philosopher - Champion of "Survey before Plan" - Move towards Regionalism - His ideas were consolidated by Lewis Mumford of the RPAA |
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Civic Surveys |
- Drawing on the scientific method - “Survey before Plan” or “Diagnose before Treatment” - Such a survey should include: Geology, geography, climate, economy, social institutions |
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City Practical |
- City as a place of business, not of beauty - “Scientism” enters planning just prior to World War I -- Based on physical determinations -- Assumption that a well run city will make other social goals easier to obtain - Zoning & police powers |
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Zoning History |
1916: NYC adopted first comprehensive zoning ordinance (height limits on 5th Ave)
1924: U.S. Dept of Commerce issues Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
1926: The Village of Euclid v. Amber Reality Company 1928: Standard City Planning Enabling Act (call for comprehensive General Plans) |
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The Village of Euclid v. Amber Reality Company |
1926: U.S. Supreme Court upheld an ordinance which prevented AmberRealty from building a commercial structure in a residential zone Firmly established that a municipality could impose anuncompensated “loss” on a property owner through land-use controls Must be Comprehensive + Fair |
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Stages of City Transportation |
1. Walking-Horse car Era (1800-1890) 2. Electric Streetcar Era (1890-1920) 3. Recreational Automobile Era (1920-1945) 4. Freeway Era (1945-present) |
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The Great Depression |
•1920’s: over-speculation • 1929: Stock market crash • Hemorrhaging of the economy for 10 years • Unemployment (25% in 1933) • Decaying incomes ($104 billion in 1929 to $56 billion in 1933) |
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Policy Strategy options vs. Great Depression |
Leave laissez faire alone
Radical alternatives to capitalism (Marxism, etc) Mixed economy (private ownership, government regulation) |
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The New Deal |
1933-1940 - under FDR's leadership - Alphabet soup of federal agencies - Goals: Industrial regulation and stimulation; Agriculture, natural resource development; trust in banks; employment; public works |
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WWII -- effect on Planning |
•A successful model of government-business cooperation toachieve national goals • Rapid and full production - Prices of war-relevant goods set by government • Prioritizing natural resource development • Ends the unemployment of the Great Depression |
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US Planning Thought in 1930's |
Two avenues of planning: - “Business-planning impulse” – A managed society so conditionscould be preserved that would produce profits - “Liberal-planning impulse” – Social engineering to guaranteenational goals beyond profits (full employment, health, welfare, etc) |
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Thorstein Veblen |
- Economist/Sociologist - Non-Marxist principle of radical change - Engineered society should takeprecedence over economic free market - Technicians, engineers, social scientistswith long range view should takeprecedence over “captains of business” asleaders of society” |
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John Dewey |
- Educator/Philosopher -Liberty is not the possession of individuals independent of social institutions - Social control (esp. of economic forces) is necessary to secure the liberties of individuals - Need for a “fourth power” – a directive body with long-range view which could supplement executive, legislative, judicial branches |
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Karl Mannheim |
- Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction (1935) - Attempts to explain the causes of thecollapse of democracy and conditionsthat lead to totalitarianism - Argues for a shift from liberal order oflaissez-faire capitalism - Planning needed to guarantee collectivefreedom associated with social justice, arationally planned society |
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Keynesian Economics |
• Compensatory fiscal policy • In times of recession, government spends, financed by borrowing- By running a deficit • Goals:- Provide sustained employment and demand- Pump money into economy- Stimulate aggregate demand for services/industries • Federal spending could smooth the rough edges of thebusiness cycle |
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National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
• 1933: Part of the New Deal • Bring selected number of industries into system of plannedproduction • What industry could not do with monopoly, government would dowith production quotas, wage agreements, even price setting • 1934: Held unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court- Illegal intrusion and cartelization • Planning gained in prominence, by providing a way for society to take a longer-rang view, smooth out ups anddowns of economy, and maintain profits |
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
• 1933/38: Part of the New Deal • Reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock • Reduce crop surplus and effectively raise the value of crops • Subsidies funded through an exclusive tax on companies whichproduced farm products • 1936: Held unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court • 1938: Revised AAA remedied technical issues and programcontinued |
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Public Works Administration (PWA) |
• 1933: Part of the New Deal • Federal funds to local PWA authorities to build capital improvements - Focused on larger projects - Highways, airports, public buildings, water and sewer • At peak in 1938: Paid jobs for 3 million unemployed • A national program which coordinated with state and local governments, which provided 10-30% of matching funding |
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Works Progress Administration (WPA) |
• 1935: Part of the New Deal Also public works and employment focused, but added in the arts as well |
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Resettlement Administration |
• 1935: Part of the New Deal • Rexford Tugwell, Director • Sought to reverse urban flow- Alleviate congestion- Healthier and more satisfying rural life- Disperse severe unemployment centers • Greenbelt Towns: Goal= 50, but only 3 funded |
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) |
•A national development bank, under public control- Extend credit to banks and industry- Finance public works- Buy housing mortgages • Should RFC bail out failing enterprises (aka Lockheed orChrysler) or assist emerging industries? Birth of the Welfare State • Eisenhower abolished in 1953 |
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Birth of the Welfare State |
• via the New Deal • Grants to states for needful old and dependent children • Federal-state system of unemployed compensation • Social Security Act - 1935 • Housing Act - 1933 |
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National Planning Resource Board (NRPB) |
• 1933-43: Part of the New Deal, FDR's Executive Order • Origins in the Public Works Administration- Coordinate and prioritize public works expenditures • Congress refused to authorize it, but became valuable natural resource/conservation research organization |
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Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) |
• 1920's - 1940's: Primarily Theory based • Criticized the unquestioned growth of America -- the Auto as the key turning point |
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Radburn, New Jersey (1928) |
• An important prototype for the greenbelt towns of the New Deal • Designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright• It was a regionalist approach to the ills of the city- Promoting the establishment of new communities with an emphasis on social cooperation and new urban design solutions • The plan featured separated pedestrian pathways and an extensive park and recreation system. • Designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005 |
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Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles, CA (1941) |
• Followed legacy of Radburn • Now called Village Green, was designed by Clarence Stein • A condo complex in the Crenshaw district of LA at the foot ofthe Baldwin Hills • The 80 acre site contains 627 units of housing and a lot of green space • "Superblock" layout |
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Regional Plan of New York and its Environs (1929) |
• RPNY was 10 years in the making (1921-31) • An alternative approach to the regional planning (vs. the RPAA)- An “economic growth” model vs. an “ecological balance” paradigm • Boldest regional plan ever- 3 states, 300 cities, 10 million people • Plan privately financed • RPNY was practical, not utopian- Viewed RPAA as agrarian, anti-urban |
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
• A model for future regionalism - Integrated development of natural resources for human use - River basin as most appropriate unit for this purpose |
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Burgess’ concentric zone model (1924) |
- Based on concepts of competition and dominance - Assumption that within a city people complete for limited space - Those who could afford them gained best home/business locations - Poorest groups with least choice were left with the worst locations - Functional zones are concentric, different in terms of age, character |
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Hoyt sector model (1939) |
- Extension of Burgess - Agreement that high income groups bought up best residential land - As city expanded, residential areas of similar socioeconomic statusgrow outwards from the CBD in patterns of wedges or “sectors” - Sectors developed because some outlying areas have better accessto the CBD than others (grew up along suburban railway lines) |
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Incrementalism |
• The science of muddling through - Former models too utopian - Demand too much of planners - Too centralized (top-down) - Artificially separate goals/values and actions • The “Go Slow” Approach |
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Federal Housing Administration |
- Mortgageinsurance first in 1934 - 90% were 25 year loans to put housing within reach of mostcitizens - Increase in demand for housing - Bank mortgages insured by government - After war: extended to veterans in Veterans Administration (VA)loans (1944) |
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Mortgage Insurance Bias |
• 80% of insurance to the “new construction” • Suburban bias • Racial bias, discrimination, exclusion -- redlining |
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Post WWII Housing |
• Veterans + Baby boom = housing shortage • FHA + VA Loans • Levittown, Lakewood = mass produced housing • Move to the suburbs • Begin of urban decay |
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Urban Decay |
• Urban slums • “Structural blight”: Housing no longer fit or safe to live in • “Economic blight”: Depreciation of property values, disuse, economic deterioration - Blight – obsolete, no longer functioning in a healthy way |
