Ucf Human Physiology Test2 Summerb Respiratory

Front 1

-Single squamous epithelium that forms the alveolar wall.
-Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.
-Forms extremely thin barrier gas exchange between air and blood. “blood-air  barrier”

Back 1

Type I Alveolar Cells

Front 2

-secretes pulmonary surfactant
-Prevent fluid buildup

Back 2

Type II Alveolar Cells

Front 3

Phospholipoprotein complex that
facilitates lung expansion

Back 3

pulmonary surfactant

Front 4

During intrauterine life, by the __________, development of lungs and their different parts (ie bronchi and even alveoli), has taken place but not type 2 cells

Back 4

7th month

Front 5

Treatment for <7month premature birth?

Back 5

-Incubation and O2 therapy
-Injection of cortisol to develop surfactant

Front 6

In dry inspired air, PO2=?
PCO2=?

In blood (Pulmonary a.) PO2=40 mmHg, PCO2=46 mmHg
In blood (Pulmonary v.) PO2=100 mmHg, PCO2=4o mmHg

Back 6

PO2=160 mm Hg,

PCO2=0 mm Hg

Front 7

In humidified tracheal air at 37C (H2O):
PO2=?
PCO2=?

Back 7

PO2=150 mmHg,

PCO2=0 mmHg

Front 8

Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in inspired air, alveolar air:
PAO2=?
PACO2=?
(A=Alveolar)

Back 8

PAO2=100 mmHg
PACO2=40 mmHg
(A=Alveolar)

Front 9

For gases, the rate of transfer by diffusion is _________ to the driving force, a diffusion coefficient, and the surface area available for diffusion, it is ________ to the thickness of membrane barrier.

Back 9

-directly proportional

-inversely proportional

Front 10

DL can be measured with _______ because its transfer across the alveolar/pulmonary capillary barrier is limited exclusive by the diffusion process.

Back 10

carbon monoxide (CO)

Front 11

in emphysema, DL deceases because ?

Back 11

destruction of alveoli results in a decreased surface area for gas exchange.

Front 12

In fibrosis or pulmonary edema, DL decreases because

Back 12

the diffusion distance (membrane thickness or interstitial volume) increases.

Front 13

In anemia, DL decreases because

Back 13

the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells is reduced (recall that DL includes the protein-binding component of O2 exchange).

Front 14

During exercise, DL increases because

Back 14

additional capillaries are perfused with blood, which increases the surface area for gas exchange.

Front 15

DL only increases during?

Back 15

exercise

Front 16

for a perfusion-limited process, diffusion of the gas can be increased only if ?

Back 16

blood flow increases.

Front 17

Anatomic dead space
.

Back 17

-is the volume of the conducting airways.
-is normally approximately 150ml

Front 18

anatomic dead space locations

Back 18

Nasal cavity, trachea, primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi

Front 19

the volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange

Back 19

-physiologic dead space

-is approximately equal to the anatomic dead space in normal lungs.

Front 20

volume of air that can be expired in the first second of a forced maximal expiration

Back 20

FEV1

Front 21

FEV1 is normally _____ of the forced vital capacity, which is expressed as

Back 21

80%

Front 22

In obstructive lung disease, such as asthma, FEV1 is ?

Back 22

both FEV and FVC are reduced but FEV1 is reduced more than FVC so that FEV1/FVC is decreased.

Front 23

In restrictive lung disease, such as fibrosis, FEV1 is?

Back 23

both FEV1 and FVC are reduced but FEV is decreased LESS than FVC so FEV/FVC increases.

Front 24

Innervation of diaphragm is by _______. The origin is _______

Back 24

-phrenic nerve

-C3-C4-C5

Front 25

External intercostals are used for ____________

Internal intercostals are used for_________

Back 25

-inspiration

-expiration

Front 26

Large alveoli have ______ collapsing pressures and are ______ to keep open.

Back 26

-low

-easy

Front 27

Small alveoli have ______ collapsing pressures and are _______ to keep open.

Back 27

-high

-more difficult

Front 28

In the absence of surfactant, the small alveoli have a tendency to collapse known as?

Back 28

atelectasis

Front 29

Surfactant is synthesized by type II alveolar cells and consists primarily of ?

Back 29

the phospholipid dipalmitoryl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

Front 30

______________ can occur in premature infants because of the lack of surfactant. The infant exhibits atelectasis (lung collapse), difficulty reinflating the lungs (as a result of decreased compliance), and hypoxemia because of the V/Q defect

Back 30

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Front 31

The major site of airway resistance is the __________.

Back 31

medium-sized bronchi

Front 32

The smallest airways would seem to offer the highest resistance, but they don’t because of ________

Back 32

their parallel arrangement.

Front 33

sympathetic agonists like ________ dilate the airways via beta receptors, increase the radius, and decrease the resistance to airflow

Back 33

isoproterenol

albuterol

Front 34

During a deep-sea dive, both air density and resistance to airflow are ________.

How fixed?

Back 34

-increased

-Breathing a low-density gas, such as helium, reduces the resistance to airflow.

Front 35

At rest intrapleural pressure is

Back 35

negative

Front 36

During ispiration intrapleural pressure

Back 36

becomes more negative

Front 37

During expiration intrapleural pressure

Back 37

returns to its resting value during a normal (passive) expiration.

Front 38

In asthma in children, the most common triggers are

Back 38

viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold

Front 39

In asthma air that should have been expired is not, leading to air trapping and _______ functional residual capacity (FRC)

Back 39

increased functional residual capacity (FRC)

Front 40

the total amount of air that you can forcibly blow out after full inspiration, measured in liters

Back 40

FVC

Front 41

have mild hypoxemia and, because they maintain alveolar ventilation, normocapnia (normal Pco2).

Back 41

Pink puffers (primarily emphysema)

Front 42

have serve hypoxemia with cyanosis and because they do not maintain alveolar ventilation, hypercapnia (increased Pco2). They have right ventricular failure and systemic edema.

Back 42

Blue bloaters (primarily bronchitis)

Front 43

FRC?

Back 43

Functional Residual Capacity is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

Front 44

Fibrosis is a restrictive disease with decreased lung compliance in which ________ is impaired.

Back 44

inspiration

Front 45

Fibrosis effect on FEV1/FVC?

Back 45

Both values are decreased but FEV1 is decreased less so FEV/FVC can be INCREASED or normal

Front 46

Of the gases found in inspired air, ______ is the only one that is carried only in dissolved form, and it is never bound or chemically modified.

Back 46

nitrogen (N2)

Front 47

Example of chemically modified gas?

Back 47

is the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate (HCO3-) in red blood cells by action of carbonic anhydrase

Front 48

_______ percent of CO2 is converted to bicarb?

Back 48

90%

Front 49

Hemoglobin: Each subunit contains a hem moiety, which is

Back 49

iron –containing porphyrin

Front 50

The iron in hemoglobin is in the _______ state

Back 50

ferrous state (Fe2+)

Front 51

Fetal hemoglobin, the beta chains are replaced by _______; thus fetal hemoglobin is called _______

Back 51

gama chains

alpha2 gama2

Front 52

The O2 affinity of fetal hemoglobin is ______ than the O2 affinity of adult hemoglobin because ?

Back 52

-higher

-2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binds less avidly

Front 53

consequence of fetal hemoglobins affinity?

Back 53

Because the O2 affinity of fetal hemoglobin is higher than the O2 affinity of adult hemoglobin, O2 movement from mother to fetus is facilitated

Front 54

Effect of 2,3 BPG?

Back 54

2,3-BPG is present in human red blood cells (RBC; erythrocyte) at approximately 5 mmol/L. It binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin (e.g. when the red cell is near respiring tissue) than it does to oxygenated hemoglobin (e.g. in the lungs). thus enhancing the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most

Front 55

Hemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve

Back 55

sigmoid

Front 56

significance of sigmoid Hemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve

Back 56

The sigmoid shape of the curve is the result of a change in the affinity of hemoglobin as each successive O2 molecule binds to a heme site.-Binding of the first O2 molecule increases the affinity for the second O2 molecule, and so forth.

Front 57

What portion of the sigmoid curve represents oxygen off-loading at the lung?

Back 57

This change in affinity facilitates the loading of O2 in the lungs (flat portion of the curve) and the unloading of O2 at the tissues.

Front 58

Shifts in curve to the right occur when ?

Caused by?

Back 58

-occur when there is decreased affinity for O2

-Increased CO2/decreased pH
-increased temp
-increased DPG

Front 59

Shifts in curve to the left occur when ?

Caused by?

Back 59

-occurs when there is increased affinity for O2

-decreased CO2/increased pH
-decreased temp
decreased BPG

Front 60

The curve is notably shifted in

Back 60

fetal hgb

Front 61

In the TISSUES: HCO3- leaves the RBCs in exchange for _______ known as the_______ and is transported to the lungs in the plasma. HCO3- is the major form in which CO2 is transported to the lungs.

Back 61

CL-

chloride shift

Front 62

In the Lungs what happends to HCO3-?

Back 62

HCO3 enters the RBCs in exchange for Cl-. HCO3 recombines with H+ to form H2CO3, which decomposes into CO2 and H2O. Thus, CO2, originally generated in the tissues, is expired

Front 63

-Pulmoary pressure and resistance are _______ than cardiace pressure/resistance.

-Pulmonary arterial pressure?

Back 63

-lower

-15 mmHg

Front 64

cardiac output of the right ventricle is _______ CO of the left ventricle

Back 64

equal to

Front 65

Zone-1 pressures?

Back 65

Alveolar pressure > arterial pressure > venous pressure

Front 66

Zone-2 pressures?

Back 66

Arterial pressure > alveolar pressure > venous pressure

Front 67

Zone-3 pressures?

Back 67

Arterial pressure> venous pressure > alveolar pressure

Front 68

In the lungs, hypoxia causes __________.

-This response is the opposite of that in other organs, where hypoxia causes _______

Back 68

-lung hypoxia causes vasconstriction

-vasodilatation

Front 69

Importance of vasoconstriction in hypoxic areas of lungs?

Back 69

Physiologically, this effect is important because local vasoconstriction redirects blood away from poorly ventilated, hypoxic regions of the lung and toward well-ventilated regions.

Front 70

Central chemoreceptors are in the ________

Back 70

medulla

Front 71

Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the ?

Back 71

carotid and aortic bodies

Front 72

chemoreceptors detect

Back 72

a. Decreases in arterial Po2
b. Increases in arterial Pco2
c. Increases in arterial H+

Front 73

Other type of receptors for control of breathing

Back 73

1. Lung stretch receptors
2. Irritant receptors
3. J (juxtacapillary) receptors
4. Joint and muscle receptors

Front 74

Medullary respiratory center-is located in the __________

Back 74

-reticular formation

-vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Front 75

The vagus nerve relays information from __________ and __________. The glossopharyngeal nerve relays information from ___________.

Back 75

-peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the lung

-peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 76

Output from the dorsal respiratory group travels, via the ________, to the _______

Back 76

phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

Front 77

Ventral respiratory group is primarily responsible for ________

Back 77

expiration.

Front 78

Is the ventral respiratory group active during normal breathing?

Back 78

no

Front 79

Apneustic center is located in the ______.

Back 79

lower pons

Front 80

Apneustic center stimulates ?

Back 80

inspiration, producing a deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp (apneusis

Front 81

Pneumotaxic center is located in the _________.

Back 81

-upper pons

Front 82

Pneumotaxic center function?

Back 82

inhibits inspiration and, therefore, regulates inspiratory volume and respiratory rate.

Front 83

CO2 flows from the vessel into the alveolus on the ______ side of the capilary.

Back 83

arterial

Front 84

HCO3- leaves the RBCs in exchange for CL- (chloride shift) and is transported to the lungs in the _________

Back 84

plasma

Front 85

In the lungs, _______ enters the RBCs in exchange for_______. HCO3 recombines with H+ to form H2CO3, which decomposes into CO2 and H2O. Thus, CO2, originally generated in the tissues, is expired.

Back 85

-HCO3 enters the RBCs in exchange for Cl-

Front 86

In the lungs after HCO3 enters the RBCs in exchange for Cl- then HCO3 ?

Back 86

HCO3 recombines with H+ to form H2CO3, which decomposes into CO2 and H2O. Thus, CO2, originally generated in the tissues, is expired.