Ucf Human Physiology Test2 Summerb Renal

Front 1

metabolic functions of the kidney

Back 1

arginine formation, gluconeogenesis, peptide hydrolysis

Front 2

examples of hormones kidney is a source of?

Back 2

angiotensin II, erythropoietin, prostaglandins

Front 3

What major structures are located in the renal cortext?

Back 3

Proximal and distal tubule are located in the renal cortext

Front 4

What major structures are located in the renal medulla?

Back 4

Loop of Henle and connecting tubule are located in renal medulla

Front 5

Renal medulla opens into ________ and then ______

Back 5

Renal medulla opens into minor calyx and then major calyx

Front 6

The percentage of TBW is highest in ______ and _______ and lowest in _______ and in adults with _________

Back 6

-highest in newborns and adult males

-lowest in adult females and in adults with a large amount of adipose tissue

Front 7

-Plasma is _____of the ECF.

-Interstitial fluid is _____ of the ECF.

Back 7

-¼

-¾

Front 8

60-40-20 rule?

Back 8

-TBW is 60% of body weight.

-ICF is 40% of body weight

-ECF is 20% of body weight

Front 9

glomerular filtration rate (GFR

Back 9

The volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute

Front 10

The fluid that enters the glomerular capsule is called ________

Back 10

ultrafiltrate

Front 11

The GFR averages _______ in woman and _________ in men. It is _____ per day

Back 11

-115 ml per min in women

-125 ml per min in men

-180 L per day

Front 12

How is GFR measured?

Back 12

By the measurement of the clearance of inulin

Front 13

Clearance? units?

Back 13

indicates the volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time.

The units of clearance are ml/min and ml/24hr.

Front 14

_______ in the ______ reabsorbs glucose from tubular fluid into the blood. There are a limited number

Back 14

-Na+-glucose cotransport

-proximal tubule

Front 15

At plasma glucose concentrations less than ________ all of the filtered glucose can be reabsorbed because plenty of carriers are available; in this range, the line for reabsorption is the same as that for filtration.

Back 15

-250 mg/dl,

Front 16

At plasma glucose concentration greater than ______, the carriers are saturated. Therefore, increases in plasma concentration above it do not result in increased rates of reabsorption. The reabsorptive rate at which the carrires are saturated is the ________

Back 16

-350 mg/dl

- transport maximum

Front 17

________ reabsorb 2/3, or 67%, of the filtered Na+ and H2O, more than any other part of the nephron.

Back 17

Proximal tubule

Front 18

Proximal tubule reabsorbs ___________, of the filtered Na+ and H2O, more than any other part of the nephron.

Back 18

2/3, or 67%

Front 19

The reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in the proximal tubule are _________

Back 19

exactly proportional.

Front 20

What does Na cotransport on the proximal tubule?

Back 20

glucose, AAs, phosphate, and lactate

Front 21

Na+ is also reabsorbed by countertransport via _________, which is linked directly to the reabsorption of filtered ________

Back 21

-Na+-H+ exchange

-HCO3-

Front 22

What is reabsorbed in the middle and late proximal tubule?

Back 22

In the middle and late proximal tubules, Na+ is reabsorbed with Cl-

Front 23

What percent of Na is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

Back 23

25%

Front 24

cotransporter in the luminal membrane of Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Back 24

Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter

Front 25

Thick ascending limb is impermeable to _________. NaCl is reabsorbed without water.

Back 25

-is impermeable to water. NaCl is reabsorbed without water.

Front 26

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle's permeability to water?

Back 26

not permeable at all

Front 27

Distal tubule and collecting duct together reabsorb ______ of the filtered Na+

Back 27

8%

Front 28

How much Na is reabsorbed in the distal tubule?

the collecting duct?

Back 28

-5%

-3%

Front 29

Early distal tubule special features?

aka?

Back 29

-NaCl co-transport

-impermeable to water

-aka cortical diluting segment

Front 30

Two cell types of the late distal tubule?

Back 30

-principal cells

-alpha intercalated cells

Front 31

-reabsorb Na+ and H2O.-secrete K+.
-Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ secretion.
-Antidiuretic Hormone increases H2O permeability by directing the in secretion of H2O channels in the luminal membrane.

Back 31

Principal cells

Front 32

In the absence of ADH, the principal cells are virtually ________ to water.

Back 32

impermeable

Front 33

-secrete H+ by a H+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATP ase), which is stimulated by aldosterone.-reabsorb K+ by a H+, K+-ATPase

Back 33

alpha Intercalated cells

Front 34

Potassium reabsorption percentage in the proximal tubule?

Back 34

67%

Front 35

Potassium reabsorption percentage in the thick ascending limb? How is it done?

Back 35

20%

Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter

Front 36

Factors that affect distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorption of K?

Back 36

dietary K+, aldosterone levels, acid-base status, and urine flow rate.

Front 37

the alpha-intercalated cells are stimulated to reabsorb K+ by the _________

Back 37

H+, K+-ATPase.

Front 38

-Acidosis _________ K+ secretion.

Back 38

-decreases
The blood contains excess H+; therefore, H+ enters the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ leaves the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and the driving force for K+ secretion decrease.

Front 39

-Alkalosis _______ K+ secretion.

Back 39

-increases
The blood contains too little H+; therefore, H+ leaves the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ enters the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and driving force for K+ secretion increase.

Front 40

-_______ percent of the filtered urea is reabsorbed passively in the _________.Rest are impermeable.

Back 40

-50%

-proximal tubule

Front 41

-ADH ________ the urea permeability of the _____________

Back 41

increases

inner medullary collecting ducts.

Front 42

_____ percent of the filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in the ______ by _________.

Back 42

-85%

-proximal tubule

-Na+-phosphate cotransport

Front 43

______% of the filtered phosphate load is excreted in urine

Back 43

15%

Front 44

Parathyroid hormone inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the ________ by activating _______

Back 44

-proximal tubule

-adenylate cyclase.

Front 45

ParaThyroid Hormone causes phosphaturia and increased urinary _______

Back 45

cAMP

Front 46

Parathyroid Hormone ______calcium reabsorbtion and ________ phosphate reabsorbtion

Back 46

PTH increases calcium reabsorbtion and prevents phosphate reabsorbtion

Front 47

calcium is passively absorbed in the __________ and actively in the __________

Back 47

-proximal tubule and thick ascending limb

-distal tubule/collecting duct

Front 48

PTH increases Ca+ reabsorption by activating _________ in the _______

Back 48

-adenylate cyclase

-distal tubule

Front 49

Magnesium (Mg2+)-is reabsorbed in the ?

Back 49

proximal tubule, thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Front 50

-In the thick ascending limb, Mg2+ and Ca+ compete for reabsorption; therefore, ______ causes an increase in Mg2+ excretion (by inhibiting Mg+ reabsorption ).

Back 50

hypercalcemia causes an increase in Mg2+ excretion

Front 51

ADH mechanism?

Back 51

ADH binds to a V2 receptor. The V2 receptor is coupled to a G-protein. The Gprotein subunit alphaS activates adenylate cyclase and then protein kinase A. This causes the insertion of aquaporin-2 into the membrane.

Front 52

Osmolarity of proximal tubule?

Back 52

300 mOsm/L

Front 53

Osmolarity of fluid leaving the thick ascending limb?

Back 53

100 mOsm/L

Front 54

Osmolarity of collecting duct

Back 54

1200 mOsm/L

Front 55

ADH increases the H2O permeability of the ________ of the late distal tubule

Back 55

principal cells

Front 56

is a disorder of glomeruli. It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine.

Back 56

Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

Front 57

Acute glomerulonephritis most often occurs as a complication of

Back 57

throat or skin infection by streptococcus, a type of bacteria.

Front 58

symptoms of Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

Back 58

-Edema
-Blood pressure 
-headaches
-visual disturbances
-coma
-nausea 
-general feeling of illness (malaise)
-weakness, fatigue-fever 
-Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
-abdominal pain
-joint pain

Front 59

Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome) - what helps to reduce kidney deterioration?

Back 59

Restricting the amount of protein in the diet is modestly helpful in reducing the rate of kidney deterioration.

Front 60

anti-hypertensives used for Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

Back 60

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).

Front 61

is a bacterial infection (90% is by Escherichia Coli) of one or both kidneys.

Back 61

Pyelonephritis

Front 62

Kidney stones are caused by excess ______ or decreased _______

Back 62

-excess calcium

-decreased citrate

Front 63

About 80% of the stones are composed of ________, and the remainder are composed of various substances, including _________

Back 63

-calcium

-uric acid, cystine

Front 64

Stones are more common in people with ___________.

Back 64

hyperparathyroidism

Front 65

Kidney stones are due to calcium levels above

Back 65

10 mg/dL

Front 66

Drugs that may help the stone pass include

Back 66

-alpha-adrenergic blockers (such as tamsulosin). 

-Potassium citrate 

-Calcium channel blockers (such as Verapamil)

Front 67

What is volatile acid?

Back 67

CO2

Front 68

_________, which is present in most cells, catalyzes the reversible reaction between CO2 and H2O.

Back 68

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 69

Non-volatile acids?

Back 69

sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
ketoacid
lactic acid
salicylic acid

Front 70

_________ is a minor extracellular buffer.

Back 70

Phosphate

Front 71

Phosphate is most important as a __________; excretion of H+ as H2PO4- is called _________

Back 71

-urinary buffer

-titratable acid.

Front 72

Intracellular buffers?

Back 72

Organic Phosphates

Proteins

Front 73

major intracelluar buffer?

Back 73

hemoglobin

Front 74

In the physiologic pH range, _________ is a better buffer than __________

Back 74

deoxyhemoglobin is a better buffer than oxyhemoglobin

Front 75

Reabsorption of filtered HCO3- occurs primarily in the ________

Back 75

proximal tubule.

Front 76

ECF volume expansion results in ________ HCO3- reabsorption.

Back 76

decreased

Front 77

-ECF volume concentration results in _________ HCO3- reabsorption (contraction alkalosis)

Back 77

increased

Front 78

Increases in Pco2 result in ________ rates of HCO3- reabsorption because the supply of intracellular H+ for secretion is _______

Back 78

increased

increased

Front 79

Decreases in Pco2 result in ________ rates of HCO3- reabsorption because the supply of intracellular H+ for secretion is _________.

Back 79

decreased

decreased

Front 80

As a result of H+ secretion, the pH of urine becomes progressively lower. The minimum urinary pH is _____

Back 80

4.4

Front 81

Acidemia causes ____________, which is the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis.

Back 81

hyperventilation (Kussmaul breathing)

Front 82

In chorionic metabolic acidosis, an adaptive increase in __________ synthesis aids in the excretion of excess H+

Back 82

NH3 ammonia

Front 83

Example of mechanism for metabolic alkalosis

Back 83

vomiting H+ of the stomach

Front 84

Alkalemia causes __________, which is the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Back 84

hypoventilation

Front 85

Renal blood flow

Back 85

renal artery > Interloblar artery > arcuate artery > cortical artery > bowman capsule > afferent arteriole > glomulerus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capilaries/vasa recta > renal venule > renal vein > vena cava

Front 86

Intracellular carbonic anhydrase?

Back 86

H2O + CO2 -> carbonic acid

Front 87

Brush border carbonic anhydrase?

Back 87

carbonic acid -> H2O + CO2

Front 88

Bicarb reabosorbtion results in?

Back 88

The process results in net reabsorption of filtered HCO3-. However, it does not result in net secretion of H+.

Front 89

Angiotensin II stimulates Na+-H+ exchange and thus _____ HCO3- reabsorption, contributing to the contraction alkalosis that occurs secondary to ECF volume _________.

Back 89

-increases

-contraction

Front 90

Fixed H+ produced from the catabolism of protein and phospholipid is excreted by two mechanisms ______ and _______

Back 90

titratable acid and NH4

Front 91

hyperventilation effect on pCO2?

Back 91

hyperventilation decreases pCO2 and therefor compensates for acidic conditions

Front 92

hypoventilation effect on pCO2?

Back 92

hypoventilation increases pCO2 and therefor compensates for alkaloid conditions