Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Smallest Structure of mammary gland
|
Alveoli
|
|
|
Darkened area surrounding nipple
|
Areola
|
|
|
Thin, yellow fluid, precursor of milk, secreted for a few days after birth
|
Colostrum
|
|
|
Suspensory ligament, fibrous bands extending from the inner breast surface to the chest wall muscles
|
Cooper's ligaments
|
|
|
Benign breast mass
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
|
Excessive breast development in the male
|
Gynecomastia
|
|
|
serosanguinous nipple discharge
|
Intraductal papilloma
|
|
|
nipples that are depressed or invaginated
|
inverted
|
|
|
conveying milk
|
lactiferous
|
|
|
inflammation of the breast
|
Mastitis
|
|
|
Sebaceous glands in the areola, secrete protective lipid during lactation; also called tubercles of Montgomery
|
Montgomery's glands
|
|
|
Intraductal carcinoma in the breast
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
Orange-peel appearance of breast due to edema
|
Peau d'orange
|
|
|
dimple or pucker on the skin
|
Retraction
|
|
|
Atrophic pink, purple, or white linear streaks on the breasts, associated with pregnancy, excessive weight gain, or rapid growth during adolescence
|
Striae
|
|
|
minute extra nipple along the embryonic milk line
|
Supernumerary nipple
|
|
|
extension of breast tissue into the axilla
|
Tail of spence
|
|
|
Functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
|
Alveoli
|
|
|
Manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the amnubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib
|
Angle of Louis
|
|
|
Cessation of breathing
|
Apnea
|
|
|
An abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea
|
Asthma
|
|
|
An abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed,shrunken, deflated section of alveoli
|
Atelectasis
|
|
|
Slow breathing, <10 breaths per minute, regular rate
|
Bradypnea
|
|
|
One of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide
|
Bronchiole
|
|
|
Inflammation of the bronchi with poartial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion
|
Bronchitis
|
|
|
The spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue
|
Bronchophony
|
|
|
the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
|
Bronchovesicular
|
|
|
A functional catagory of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by airflow obstruciton, e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis
|
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
|
|
Millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree
|
Cilia
|
|
|
The solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia
|
Consolidation
|
|
|
(Ralea) abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration
|
Crackles
|
|
|
Coarse crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
|
Crepitus
|
|
|
Passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange, e.g. trachea and bronchi
|
Dead Space
|
|
|
Difficult, labored breathing
|
Dyspnea
|
|
|
The voice sound of "eeeeee" heard through the stethoscope
|
Egophony
|
|
|
The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles
|
Emphysema
|
|
|
The narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
|
Fissure
|
|
|
A palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall
|
Fremitus
|
|
|
A coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
|
Fricion rub
|
|
|
(hypercarbia) indcreased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
|
Hypercapnia
|
|
|
Increased rate and depth of breathing
|
Hyperventilation
|
|
|
Decreased level of oxygen in the blood
|
Hypoxemia
|
|
|
Space between the ribs
|
Intercostal space
|
|
|
A type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
|
Kussmaul's respiration
|
|
|
Ability to breathe easily only in an upright position
|
Orthopnea
|
|
|
Sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
|
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
|
|
|
Striking over the chest wall with short sharp blows of the fingers in order to determine the size and density of the underlying organ
|
Percussion
|
|
|
Abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura
|
Pleural effusion
|
|
|
Low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretions
|
Rhonchi
|
|
|
Rapid shallow breathing> 24 breaths per minute
|
Tachypnea
|
|
|
The soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
|
Vesicular
|
|
|
The amount of air, following maximal inspiration, that can be exhaled
|
Vital capacity
|
|
|
high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound
|
Wheeze
|
|
|
A whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue
|
Whispered pectoriloguy
|
|
|
Sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum
|
Xiphoid process
|
|
|
Acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
|
Angina pectoris
|
|
|
(AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY) incompetent aortic valve that allows bacward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
|
Aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
Calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
|
Aortic stenosis
|
|
|
The left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
|
Aortic valve
|
|
|
Tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th intercostal space
|
Apex of the heart
|
|
|
(point of maximal impulse, PMI) pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates aginst the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
|
Apical impulse
|
|
|
Broader area of heart's outline located at the 3rd right and left interconstal space
|
Base of the heart
|
|
|
Cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds
|
Bell
|
|
|
Slow heart rate <50 beats per minute in the adult
|
Bradycardia
|
|
|
Bulbous enlargement of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
|
Clubbing
|
|
|
Severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congential heart defect
|
Coarctation of aorta
|
|
|
Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to plumonary hypertension
|
Cor pulmonale
|
|
|
Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemiglobin in the blood
|
Cyanosis
|
|
|
Flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
|
Diaphargm
|
|
|
The heart's filling phase
|
Diastole
|
|
|
Difficutl, labored breathing
|
Dyspnea
|
|
|
Swelling of the legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid
|
Edema
|
|
|
Traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space
|
Erb's point
|
|
|
Occurs with closure of the Atrioventricular (AV) valves signaling the beginning of systole
|
First heart sound S1
|
|
|
(S4 gallop; atrial gallop) very soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
|
Fouth heart sound S4
|
|
|
The addition of a 3rd or 4th heart sound makes the rhythm sound like the cadence of a galloping horse
|
Gallop rhythm
|
|
|
Technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds
|
Inching
|
|
|
Increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction, e.g. aortic stenosis
|
LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)
|
|
|
Imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax
|
MCL Midclavicular line
|
|
|
(mitral insufficiency) incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
|
Mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
Calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
|
Mitral stenosis
|
|
|
left AV valve separating the left atria and ventricle
|
Mitral valve
|
|
|
uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate
|
Palpitation
|
|
|
Opposite of a normal split S2 so that the split is heard in expiration, and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound
|
Paradoxical splitting
|
|
|
High-pitched scrathcy extracardiac sound heard when the precordium is inflamed
|
Pericardial friction rub
|
|
|
Normla variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration
|
Physiologic splitting
|
|
|
area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels
|
Percordium
|
|
|
(pulmonic insufficiency) backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
|
Pulmonic regurgitation
|
|
|
Calicification of pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
|
Pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
Right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
|
Pulmonic valve
|
|
|
Occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic and signals the end of systole
|
Second Heart sounds S2
|
|
|
Abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both the pathologic S3 and S4 are present
|
Summation gallop
|
|
|
Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood flow (fainting), caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or bentricular fibrillation
|
Syncope
|
|
|
The heart's pumping phase
|
Systole
|
|
|
Rapid heart rate >100 beats per minute in the adult
|
Trachycardia
|
|
|
soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure
|
Third heart sounds (S3)
|
|
|
palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur
|
Thrill
|
|
|
Right AV Valve separating the right atria and ventricle
|
Tricuspid valve
|
|
|
Determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery
|
Allen test
|
|
|
Defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
|
Aneurysm
|
|
|
Variation from the heart's normal rhythm
|
Arrhythmia
|
|
|
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
Plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
|
Slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult
|
Bradycardia
|
|
|
Blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occuluded
|
Bruit
|
|
|
Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
|
Cyanosis
|
|
|
The heart's filling phase
|
Diastole
|
|
|
Calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed may occur with deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, Achilles tendinitis, or muscle injury
|
Homans' sign
|
|
|
Deficiency of arterial blood to a body part, due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
|
Ischemia
|
|
|
Swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting
|
Lymphedema
|
|
|
Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels
|
Lymph nodes
|
|
|
Indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
|
Pitting edema
|
|
|
Viewing the finger from the side in order to detect early clubbing
|
Profile sign
|
|
|
Pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close to the skin and over a bone
|
Pulse
|
|
|
regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude
|
Pulsus alternans
|
|
|
Irregular rhythm, every other beat is premature; premature beats have weakened amplitude
|
Pulsus bigeminus
|
|
|
Beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration
|
Pulsus paradoxus
|
|
|
the heart's pumping phase
|
Systole
|
|
|
Rapid heart beat >100 beats per minute in adult
|
Tachycardia
|
|
|
Inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
|
Thrombophlebitis
|
|
|
Dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
|
Varicose vein
|
|
|
Open skin lesion extending into dermis with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
|
Ulcer
|
|
|
Defect or sac formed by dialation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
|
Aneurysm
|
|
|
Loss of appetite for food
|
Anorexia
|
|
|
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity, associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, cancer, or portal hypertension
|
Ascites
|
|
|
Loud gurgling bowel sounds siggnaling increased motility or hyperperistalsis, occur with early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, diarrhea
|
Borborygmi
|
|
|
Blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded
|
Bruit
|
|
|
First or proximal part of large instestine
|
Cecum
|
|
|
Inflammation of the gallbladder
|
Cholesystitis
|
|
|
Lower border of the rib margin formed by the medial edges of the 8th,9th, and 10th ribs
|
Costal Margin
|
|
|
Angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the porterior thorax, overlying the kidney
|
Costovertebral angle (CVA)
|
|
|
Midline longitudinal ridge in the abdomen, a separation of abdominal rectus muscles
|
Diatasis recti
|
|
|
Difficulty swallowing
|
Dysphagia
|
|
|
Name of abdominal region between the costal margins
|
Epigastrium
|
|
|
Abnormal enlargement of liver
|
Hepatomegaly
|
|
|
Abnormal protrusion of bowel through weakening in abdominal musculature
|
Hernia
|
|
|
Ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen
|
Inguinal ligament
|
|
|
midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles
|
Linea alba
|
|
|
Complete absence of peristalitic movement that may follow abdominal surgery or complete bowel obstruction
|
Paralytic ileus
|
|
|
rough grating sound heard through the stethoscope over the site of peritoneal inflammation
|
Peritoneal friction rub
|
|
|
Inflammation of peritoneum
|
Peritonitis
|
|
|
Congenital narrowing of pyloric sphincter, forming outflow obstruction of stomach
|
Pyloric stenosis
|
|
|
(heartburn) burning sensation in upper abdomen, due to reflux of gastric acid
|
Pyrosis
|
|
|
Midline abdominal muscles extending from rib cage to pubic bone
|
Rectus abdominis muscle
|
|
|
Abnormally sunken abdominal wall as with malnutrition or under weight
|
Scaphoid
|
|
|
Abnormal enlargement of spleen
|
Splenomegaly
|
|
|
(linea albicantes) silvery white or pink scar tissue formed by stretching of abdominal skin as wiht pregnancy or obesity
|
Striae
|
|
|
Name of abdominal region just superior to pubic bone
|
Suprepubic
|
|
|
High-pitched, musical, drumlike percussion note heard when percussing over the stomach and intestine
|
Tympany
|
|
|
Depression on the abdomen marking site of entry of umbilical cord
|
Umbilicus
|
|
|
Internal organs
|
Viscera
|
|
|
Loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions
|
Agnosia
|
|
|
Loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
|
Agraphia
|
|
|
loss of memory
|
amnesia
|
|
|
Loss of pain sensation
|
Analgesia
|
|
|
Loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehension of spoken or written language
|
Aphasia
|
|
|
Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor damage, e.g. inability to use objects correctly
|
Apraxia
|
|
|
Inability to perform coordinated movements
|
Ataxia
|
|
|
Bizarre, slow, twisting, writhing movement, resemblng a snake or a worm
|
Athetosis
|
|
|
Sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face
|
Chorea
|
|
|
Rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch
|
Clonus
|
|
|
State of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused
|
Coma
|
|
|
Arms stiffly extended, adducted, internally rotates; legs stiffly extended, plantar flexed
|
Decerebrate rigidity
|
|
|
Arms adducted, and flexed, writst and fingers flexed; legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed
|
Decorticate rigidity
|
|
|
imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular control resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage
|
Dysarthria
|
|
|
Impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order
|
Dysphasia
|
|
|
Disappearance of conditioned response
|
Extinction
|
|
|
Rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb
|
Fasciculation
|
|
|
Loss of muscle tone, limp
|
Flaccidity
|
|
|
Ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin
|
Graphesthesia
|
|
|
Loss of motor power (paralysis) on one side of the body, usually caused by a cerebral vascular accident; paralysis occurs on the side opposite the lesion.
|
Hemiplegia
|
|
|
Motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system
|
Lower motor neuron
|
|
|
Rapid sudden jerk of a muscle
|
Myoclonus
|
|
|
Stiffness in cervical neck area
|
Nuchal rigidity
|
|
|
Back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes
|
Nystagmus
|
|
|
Prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeleal irritation
|
Opisthotonos
|
|
|
Decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers
|
Paralysis
|
|
|
Impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the lower half of the body
|
Paraplegia
|
|
|
Abnormal sensation, i.e., burning, numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensation
|
Paresthesia
|
|
|
ability of the person to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin has been touched
|
Point localization
|
|
|
Sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space
|
proprioception
|
|
|
continuous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, and with increased deep tendon reflexes
|
Spasticity
|
|
|
Ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes and weights while the eyes are closed
|
Stereognosis
|
|
|
Repetitive twitching of a muscle group at inappropriate times, e.g. wink, grimace
|
tic
|
|
|
Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints
|
Tremor
|
|
|
Ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pin pricks on the skin
|
Two-point discrimination
|
|
|
Nerve located entriely within the central nervouse system
|
Upper Motor neuron
|
