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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell cycle is regulated by
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check points
cyclins (degrade quickly), cyclin dependent kinases and CDK inhibitors (prevent cyclin from interacting with CDK) |
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How do CDK inhibitors work?
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prevent CDK from interacting with cyclin, which is needed for cell progression through steps
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How do cancers overcome cyclin/CDK regulation?
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overproduction of cyclin overcomes the CDK inhibitors
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What are features of hereditary cancers?
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1. multiple in family
2. multiple in person 3. young onset 4. family clustering of rare disorder |
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what are causes of small changes in dna?
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1/ pt mutations
2/ microdeletions 3/ methylation errors |
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What are causes of big changes in dna sequence?
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1/ translocations
2/ large deletions 3/ amplifications - repeats 4/ duplication of chromosome |
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what are two classes of cancer genes?
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oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes |
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What is knudson's two hit model
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1 mutant copy = predisposed
2 mutant copies = affected |
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What classes of proteins do oncogenes code for?
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1/ growth factors
2/ growth factor receptors 3/ signal transduction proteins 4/ nuclear regulators 5/ cell cycle regulators |
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What types of proteins do oncogenes code for?
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1/ growth factors
2/ GF receptors 3/ signal transduction proteins 4/ nuclear reglators 5/ cell cycle regulator |
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What forms of mutations affect oncogenes?
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1. pt mutations
2. amplification 3. translocation (bcr-abl) 4. viral insertion (UAR) |
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How do oncogenes cause effect?
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directly or indirectly increase cell division
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what do gatekeepers do?
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1. prevent abnormal proliferation of cells
2. promote cell deth |
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what do caretakers do?
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maintain genomic stability
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what are two types of tumor suppressors?
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gatekeepers
caretakers |
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what are mechanisms for tumor suppressor gene inactivation
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1/ pt mutn, small del
2/ major chromo loss/ del 3/ replace by abnormal allele 4/ silence promoter by hyper-me |
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what is the genetic cause of HNPCC
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mutation in one of 6 mmr genes
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Where do many mutations in dna replication occur?
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simple tandem repeats or microsattelites
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What are the hallmarks of cancer?
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1/ genomic instability
2/ inappropriate cell proliferation 3/ angiogenesis 4/ invasion and metastasis |
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Which tissues are more prone to neoplastic growth?
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proliferating - endothelial = skin, lung, gut, hormonally regulated (breast, prostate)
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What regulates angiogenesis?
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positive and negative regulators in stroma
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What are examples of positive regulators?
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Vascular endothelial GF
- regulated by ras gene Basic fibroblastic GF |
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Define tumor
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abnormal swelling or lump
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Define neoplasm
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abnormal mass of tissue whose growth is uncontrolled and exceeds that of adjacent tissue
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Define hypertrophy
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increased in cell size in response to stimulus
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Define atrophy
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decrease in cell number or size in response to stimulus (reversible) or aging
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Define hyperplasia
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increase in number of cell, response to stimulus, when you remove stimulus will return to normal
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Define displasia
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premalignant growth, usually of epithelial tissue, characterized by disordered growth and morphological changes
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what are types of displasia
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low
med high - synonymous with carcinoma in situ |
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what is the morphology of displasic nuclei
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crowded, overlapping, large, irregular, uneven chromatin, highly mitotic
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what is scirrhous tissue
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desmoplastic = highly fibrous,
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