Ua - Blood Lab Values Midterm

Front 1

AP

Back 1

Acid Phosphatase is found in the lysosomes of prostate cells, so disease that destroy the prostate release AP into the blood

Elevated levels indicate prostatic carcinoma (malignant) or benign prostatic hypertrophy (benign)

Front 2

Acetone

Back 2

A ketone and product of beta oxidation that occurs as a result of a lack of glucose or inability of the body to use glucose.

Elevated levels indicate Diabetes Mellitus, starvation, or low carb diet (like the Atkins)

Front 3

AIDS Serology

Back 3

An HIV diagnosis requires multiple reactive ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescence Assay) tests AND a positive Western Blot

Front 4

ALT

Back 4

Alanine Aminotransferase is found primarily in the liver and indicates liver disease as well as monitors it for improvement. Can be used to eliminate liver pathology but not conclusive by itself

Increased levels indicates hepatitis or hepatic necrosis

Front 5

Serum Albumin

increased/decreased?

Back 5

Primary function of albumin is to maintain plasma osmotic pressure, doesn't tell us much clinically.

Increased indicates dehydration
Decreased indicates advanced malignancy

Front 6

Albumin:Globulin

Increased/decreased globulin indicates?

Back 6

Increased globulin indicates infectious hepatitis or liver disease

Decreased globulin indicates AIDS

Front 7

ALP
increased/decreased?

Back 7

Alkaline Phosphatase is an enzyme found in the liver and bone and used to detect metastasis to them. Normal to be found in growing children

Increased indicates primary cirrhosis or metastatic bone tumor (anything where osteoclastic activity increases)

Decreased in hypophosphatemia and malnutrition

Front 8

AFP

Back 8

Alpha-Fetoprotein is an oncofetal protein produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, diminishes by age one. Presence in maternal blood indicates malignancy

Increased in maternal serum indicates neural tube defects (folic acid deficiency)

Front 9

Anti-DNA Antibody

Back 9

Increased levels indicates Lupus

Front 10

ANA

Back 10

Antinuclear Antibody's are antibodies that react against cellular nuclear material. Can rule out Lupus, but not as specific for positive lupus diagnosis as Anti-DNA Antibody test

Increased levels indicate Lupus, RA, or other autoimmune diseases

Front 11

ASO Titer

Back 11

Antistreptolysin titer - Streptolysin O is produced by streptococcus organisms and is found in blood a week to a month after streptococcal infection. Used to determine whether a previous strep infection caused a post-streptococcal disease

Increased titer indicates acute streptococcal infection, rheumatic fever, bacterial endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, etc.

Front 12

Basophils

increased/decreased?

Back 12

Never Let My Engine Blow (60, 30, 8, 2, 0)
Basophils produce type I hypersensitivity responses by degranulating, have IgE receptors

Increased levels indicate myeloproliferative disease (polycythemia rubra vera) or leukemia

Decreased levels indicate an allergic reaction or hyperthyroidism

Front 13

Tell me the bilirubin story and explain indirect vs direct

Back 13

Bilirubin is the principle pigment in bile. Worn-out red blood cells are broken down into: iron, globin and bilirubin (derived from heme). Bilirubin is then transported to the liver where it is processed and eventually excreted into bile. Impaired production or impaired excretion of bile at any stage of development results in a diagnosis of liver disease and possible jaundice. The amount of direct and indirect bilirubin equals the total level of serum bilirubin.

Indirect: pre-hepatic, unconjugated, free; in lab, requires the addition of methy alcohol to react (does not act directly)

Direct: post-hepatic, conjugated, glucuronide (reacts directly in the lab)

Front 14

Serum Bilirubin

Increased Direct/Indirect

Back 14

Increased total indicates cirrhosis or acute viral hepatitis

Increased direct indicates complete biliary obstruction or congestive heart failure

Increased indirect indicates congestive heart failure or hemolysis

Front 15

Serum Calcium

increased/decreased?

Back 15

Used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism

Increased levels indicate bone cancer (or any disease that causes bone demineralization or atrophy) or multiple myeloma

Decreased levels indicates hypoparathyroidism or hypovitaminosis D

Front 16

Cholesterol

Back 16

Obtained through animal foods or self production, transported to liver and formed into lipoproteins. 75:25 LDL:HDL

Increased cholesterol indicates familial hypercholesterolemia or familial hyperlipidemia

Decreased cholesterol indicates malabsorption or malnutrition

Front 17

C-Reactive protein

Back 17

early non-specific, acute-phase reactant protein that indicates bacterial infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders

Increased levels indicate acute noninfectious inflammatory reactions (arthritis, rheumatic fever, Crohn's, Reiter's, etc.)

Front 18

CPK

Back 18

Creatine Phosphokinase is used to diagnose myocardial infarctions, enzyme that acts as a catalyst in energy production

Front 19

Eosinophil

Back 19

Never Let My Engine Blow 60, 30, 8, 2, 0

Motile, phagocytic cells that can migrate from blood into tissue spaces. Their major role is in defense against parasitic organisms. Attracted to infection sites where they combat the effects of histamine

Increased levels indicate parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Front 20

ESR

Back 20

Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate
a nonspecific test to detect illnesses associated with acute and chronic infection. RBCs to settle out of blood quicker

Increased levels indicate chronic renal failure or malignant disease

Front 21

Ferritin

increased/decreased?

Back 21

most sensitive test for identifying iron deficient anemia. Ferritin transports iron

Increased ferritin indicates hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis (increased iron stores)

Decreased ferritin indicates iron deficiency anemia or severe protein deficiency

Front 22

GGTP

Back 22

Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
liver enzyme that detects liver cell dysfunction, indicator of heavy and chronic alcohol use

Increased levels indicate liver disease, myocardial infarction or alcohol ingestion

Front 23

Blood Glucose/Fasting Blood Sugar
Normal range

Back 23

Normal range: 80-125 mg/dL
Used in the evaluation of diabetic patients

Front 24

Postprandial Glucose
increased/decreased

Back 24

After a meal, the action of insulin should restore normal blood sugar levels; abnormal levels after one hour indicates gestational diabetes; abnormal levels after 2 hours indicates diabetes mellitus

Increased levels indicates diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes mellitus

Decreased levels indicates insulinoma or hypothyroidism

Front 25

Glucose Tolerance Test

Back 25

test used to diagnose diabetes mellitus in patients that have hypoglycemia; take blood glucose levels each hour after challenge. 1: 200 mg/dL, 2: 140; 3: 70-125; 4: 70-115

Increased GT test indicates diabetes mellitus or acute stress response

Front 26

Helicobacter Pylori

Back 26

bacteria normally present on gastric mucosa

Increased levels indicates acute and chronic gastritis, recurrent duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer

Test positive once means you'll always test positive (could be old infection)

Front 27

Hematocrit

increased/decreased

Back 27

percent of packed rood blood cells; if not about 45% (lower in females than males), then anemia

Increased hematocrit indicates erythrocytosis or congenital heart disease

Decreased hematocrit indicates anemia or cirrhosis

Front 28

HLA-B27 Antigen

Back 28

These antigens exist on the surface of WBCs and all nucleated cells, can test for histocompatibility of transplants. When present in the blood, they indicate diseases

Positive for HLA indicates AS, Reiters, or RA

Front 29

LDH

Back 29

Lactic Dehydrogenase is an intracellular enzyme present in many tissues in the body, normal amounts found in blood. After significant tissue injury, large quantities spill into blood indicating pathology. Ordered after an EKG

Increased levels indicates myocardial infarction or pulmonary disease

Front 30

Myoglobin

Back 30

Found in cardiac and skeletal muscles, so any damage to them will lead to increased levels in the blood. Sensitive, but not specific

Increased levels indicates myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle inflammation, or Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne's)

Front 31

PKU

Back 31

Phenylketonuria
lack of hydrolase that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, autosomal recessive inherited disease, characterized by progressive mental retardation

Increased levels indicates PKU or low birth-weight infants

Front 32

Platelet Count
Normal?
Increased/Decreased

Back 32

Normal 150K-400K platelets per cubic mm
Could be bleeding or clotting problems, need more info

Increased levels indicates malignancy (leukemia, lymphoma) or polycythemia vera

Decreased levels indicates hypersplenism or hemorrhage

Front 33

Blood Potassium
normal levels?

Back 33

Normal 2.5-6.5 mEq/L
ratio of intra to extracellular potassium is important in membrane electrical potential

Increased indicates excessive dietary intake or renal failure (can cause arrhythmia)

Decreased indicates deficient dietary intake

Front 34

What do doctors call pregnancy?

Back 34

Primary Amenorrhea

Front 35

Pregnancy test

Back 35

Increased HCG indicates pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy

Decreased HCG indicates threatened abortion

Front 36

PSA

Back 36

Prostate Specific Antigen
Normally found in prostatic epithelial cells, higher levels = larger tumor

Increased levels indicate prostate cancer or benign prostate hypertrophy

Front 37

Protein electrophoresis

Back 37

separates blood proteins into bands based on their electrical charge, band compared to pathologic bands

Monoclonal spike (1 g) and inverted A:G ratio indicates multiple myeloma

Front 38

PT

Back 38

Prothrombin Time
evaluates extrinsic and common pathways of clotting - factors I, II, V, VII, and X

Increased levels indicate liver disease (clotting factors made in liver) or hereditary factor deficiency

Front 39

Red Blood Cell Count
Normal:

Back 39

Normal: 4-6 million - less in females than males

Increased levels indicate erythrocytosis or congenital heart disease

Decreased levels indicates anemia or hemoglobinopathy

Front 40

MCV
normal?
increased/decreased?

Back 40

Mean corpuscle volume (normal: 80-95)
measures avg volume or size of a single RBC

Increased size indicates pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency) or folic acid deficiency

Decreased size indicates iron deficiency anemia or thallisemia

Front 41

Rheumatoid Factor

Back 41

Used to help rule out RA

Increased levels indicate RA or other autoimmune diseases

Front 42

Sickle Cell

Back 42

Hgb S (S for sickle), sickle cell trait more common in African Americans, inherited disease

Increased levels indicate sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia

Front 43

Blood Sodium

Back 43

evaluates fluid and electrolyte balance, major extra-cellular cation

Increased levels indicate increased dietary intake w/o adequate water intake or excessive IV's

Decreased levels indicate deficient dietary intake or IV deficient in sodium

Front 44

Thrombin Time

Back 44

tests liver for clotting factors

Increased levels indicate severe liver disease or fibrinolysis

Front 45

Triglycerides

Back 45

Increased levels indicate glycogen storage disease or familial hypertriglyceridemia

Decreased levels indicate malabsorption syndrome or malnutrition

Front 46

BUN

pre-renal, etc.

Back 46

Blood Urea Nitrogen
Product of protein catabolism, formed from ammonia. BUN is an indirect and general measurement of the kidney’s excretory capability (provided the liver is functioning normally), and the metabolic function of the liver. A patient with an elevated BUN is said to have azotemia

Increased prerenal levels indicates hypovolemia or shock

Increased renal levels indicate renal disease or renal failure

Increased postrenal azotemia levels indicate ureteral obstruction or bladder outlet obstruction from cancer

Decreased levels indicate liver failure or over-hydration

Front 47

Blood uric acid

increased/decreased?

Back 47

final breakdown product of purine catabolism, formed in the liver

Increased levels due to increased production indicates increased ingestion of purines or certain drugs

Increased levels due to decreased excretion indicates idiopathic or chronic renal disease

Decreased levels indicates Wilson's Disease or Fanconi's Syndrome

Front 48

WBC Count

normal?
increased/decreased?

Back 48

Normal: 5-10K

Increased levels indicates infection or neoplasm

Decreased levels indicates indicates drug toxicity or bone marrow failure

Front 49

WBC Count: Neutrophils

Back 49

Increased levels indicate neutrophilia: stress or suppurative infection

Decreased levels indicate neutropenia: aplastic anemia or dietary deficiency

Front 50

WBC Count: Lymphocytes

Back 50

Increased levels indicate lymphocytosis or chronic bacterial/viral infection

Decreased levels indicate Lymphocytopenia or Leukemia

Front 51

WBC Count: Monocytes

Back 51

Increased levels indicate monocytosis, chronic inflammatory disorder, or viral infections

Decreased levels indicate monocytopenia or drug therapy (Prednisone)

Front 52

WBC Count: Eosinophils

Back 52

Increased levels indicate eosinophilia, parasitic infection, or allergic reactions

Decreased levels indicate eosinophilia, or increased adrenosteroid production

Front 53

WBC Count: Basophils

Back 53

Increased levels indicate basophilia, myeloproliferative disease, or leukemia

Decreased levels indicate basopenia, acute allergic reactions, or hyperthyroidism

Front 54

Bence Jones Protein - urine

Back 54

Multiple Myeloma

Front 55

Bilirubin - urine

Back 55

Increased levels indicate gallstones or extra-hepatic duct obstruction

Front 56

Glucose - urine

Back 56

Should not be present in urine

Presence indicates diabetes mellitus or pregnancy

Front 57

Uric acid - urine

increased/decreased?

Back 57

result of purine metabolism, 75% excreted by kidneys

Increased levels indicate gout or metastatic cancer

Decreased levels indicate kidney disease or eclampsia

Front 58

normal sodium

Back 58

135-145

Front 59

normal chloride

Back 59

101-114

Front 60

normal glucose

Back 60

80-125ish

Front 61

normal CO2

Back 61

21-31

Front 62

normal potassium

Back 62

3.6-5

Front 63

normal GFR

Back 63

0.6-1.3