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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a child?
North v South views |
North --> Children are viewed as an investment and as such are nurtured and protected. The state provides monetary support.
South --> Children are required to contribute to the family income to ensure the families survival. High mortality 5 out of 6 babies expected to die. |
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How has the idea of childhood become globalization?
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Northern ideas of childhood have spread to the South via:
* The global bank * UNCRC * Media * Aid agencies and North involvement in causes such as child labour. |
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Define what is social construction.
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Social construction views childhood as being constructed by the dominant views of that culture.
Beliefs and expectations about childhood vary depending on economic and social contect e.g UK manhood is reached at 18yoa but in other cultures a rite of passage must be undertaken (nelson mandela) Social construction views include tabula rasa, romanticism and puritan. |
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What is gender?
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Social construction views gender as a product of human meaning making.
Behaviourism = behaviours are learned by rewards (praise) and punishment (scorn) Moni refers to gender inequality in Bangladesh when she describes her forced marriage. Being a female or transgender can adversely affect children's lives. |
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An historical perspective on
childhood. |
High mortality and low income meant children were sent to work early with little thought or investment in their welfare.
Writers such as Dickens and Blake helped to change the societal discourse. Gradual reforms and laws were implemented to ban child labour and introduce education. Children came to be seen as an investment and the UNCRC was established thanks to the pioneering work of Jebb. |
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What is the puritan discourse
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~Thomas Hobbes~
The belief that all children are born with original sin and must be turned to good through discipline and education. Parents have an authoritarian role over their children. (the book, lord of the flies, illustrates this view of children) |
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What is a romantic discourse?
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~ John-Jacques Rousseau ~
Children are viewed as being naturally innocent, pure and good. If children misbehave it is due to adults corrupting them and 'stealing their innocence and childhood'. |
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What is the tabula rasa discourse?
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~ John Locke ~
Children are born neither good or bad but as blank slates. Their experiences shape their personality. - Violent child crimes (Venables and Thompson) are attributed to exposure to violent movies and video games (Bandura). Lack of parental control and boundaries |
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What is the scientific approach?
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Seeks to chart conventional child development stages by conducting experiments.
Piaget --> Sensori-motor Pre-operational Concrete Operational Formal Piaget's experiments were not ecologically valid. Kohlberg Moral development. ---> Pre conventional Conventional Principled Moral development is affected by age and culture. |
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Children's rights
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United Nations Convention on the rights of the child. (UNCRC)
Ratified by all world nations excluding USA and Somalia. Children's rights are not always upheld. Adults have been made accountable for the treatment of children. It is individualistic and can clash with cultures. The African charter sets out children's rights but also their responsibilities. |
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What is meant by the term 'discourse'?
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It is a concept used in constructionism.
It means a whole set of inter connected ideas that work together as a theme, in a self contained way. These ideas are held together by a particular ideology or view of the world. |
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What is a 'discursive positioning theory'?
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It is a theory which focuses on power within relationships and society.
It is akin to a network with individuals in it exercising power and being affected by it. It permeates human relationships from personal up to institutional. |
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What is 'social constructivism'?
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Coined by Lev Vygotski and includes:
* Inner speech--> mental reasoning * External speech --> communication * Cultural tools (including language) * Zone of proximal development The social environment is reflected in the child's reasoning. |
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Who is Phillipe Aries?
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Pioneered the idea that childhood is a social construct.
He claimed childhood was invented in the 16 & 17th centuries. For this claim he relied on paintings from the era and ignored other sources such as medical texts. |
