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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Martin Luther
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-Greatest Protestant reformer when he nailed his 95 Thesis to the door of his Catholic church in Germany (1517)
-became an Augustinian Hermit -believed in "Fatih Alone" and "Scripture Alone" as principles of the Protestant religion - |
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Charlemagne
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-Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 c.e. by Pope Leo III
-Gave the Church the upper hand in his rule -King of the Franks; inherited his throne from his father Pippin -presided over the Carolingian Renaissance -died in 814 c.e. -was said to be as great as Augustus |
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Ignatius Loyola
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-Beginner of the Jesuit order "Soldiers of Christ"
-Wrote the Spiritual Excersises to Good fatih; reestablished Church rules and Traditions -Lived during the time of the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church |
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Crusades
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-Took place during the rule of Pope Urban II
-Was an attempt to raise the statutes of the Holy Church and defeat the "evils" in Europe -Initiated Christians to be "soldiers of Christ" -Many wars between the Christians and the Barbarians (Arabs) -1095 is the date that the First Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II |
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Feudalism (Fealty and Homage)
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-Began in 1050 c.e.
-Was a new form of lordship based on property (fiefs) -Lords relied on vassals to work their land and pay homage to them |
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Dictatus Papae
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-Issued by Gregory Vii in 1075 c.e.
-reassured that the Catholic Church is founded by God -The Roman Pope alone can be called universal -The Pope has the power to reinstate Bishops, make or depose of Kings, sentence and retract sentences from law offenders, and can not be judged by anyone -Stated that anyone not at peace with the church must be excommunicated |
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primogeniture
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-concentration of the family's resources in hands of eldest son
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chivalry
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-from the word horseman or knight
-means paying homage to a woman -seen in an episode from Song of Roland |
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Frederick Barbarossa
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-Wrote to Pope Hadrian in 1157 about the separation of church and state
-He was the King of Germany and the Holy Roman Emperor -He didn't like the Pope because he had more power than Barbarossa did |
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John of Salisbury
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-Bishop of Chartres (1159 c.e.)
-He described the ideal Prince : law, justice, and liberty -He said a prince is a servant, not a tyrant and not above the law |
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Boniface VIII
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-Pope of Rome in 1294
-Descendent of Peter -Says there is one God and one beginning -Mentions a Shepherd --> Peter -Says temporal authority = state Spiritual authority = church and that they should work together but the church should be higher than state because all power is from God -He believed in Institutions |
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Francis of Assisi
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-Founder of the Franciscan Order - based on poverty
-monks were simplistic, educated, ascetic, chaste, and prayerful -In 1204 he had the idea that God is not concerned with fighting or authority |
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Thomas Aquinas
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-Starter of the Dominican Order
-Greatest theologian -Proved God's existence through reason = logic and the observed -reinforced church authority |
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Roger Bacon
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-Told of the principles of experimental science = reason and experience (not faith)
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Einhard
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-Wrote the Life of Charlemagne, modeling his life after the life of Augustus
-He was a close associate to Charlemagne and later to his son Louis the Pious -(770-840c.e.) |
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Anna Comnena
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-Highly educated and ambitious daughter of Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnena
-She wanted to become empress but never got the chance because of her younger brother -After being in two plots of murder, she was exiled to a monastary where she spent the last years of her life -She wrote about her father's diplomaticc decisions and actions |
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Usama Ibn Munqidh
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-(1095-1188c.e.)
-Muslim warrior, politician, and author -He wrote An Arab Opinion of the Crusaders |
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Marie De France
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-Earliest female French poet
-Lived during the second half of the twelfth century -She is know for her Lais= brief poems ; one of them being Guigemar |
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Geoffrey of Monmouth
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-Wrote about British Kings - esp about King Arthur
-He became Bishop-elect of St. Asaph |
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King Arthur
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-Monarch in England before the twelfth century
-made way for the later monarchs or England |
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Magna Carta
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-1215c.e.
-The Great Charter made by King John of England because of pressure from his barons -It limits and checks the King's power --> civil rights -Written the same year as the Fourth Lateran Council |
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Magna Carta
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-1215c.e.
-The Great Charter made by King John of England because of pressure from his barons -It limits and checks the power of Kings --> civil rights -Written during the same year as the Fourth Lateran Council -beginning of all governmental constitutions |
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Fourth Lateran Council
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-1215c.e.
-Decided that the power of the papacy is the highest -Centered on control and centralization of the church -It was a crack down on heretics of the church -Enforced "no marriage" for priests |
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Black Death - (Bubonic Plague)
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-1349-1353 c.e.
-Spread across Europe, Egypt, and North Africa through trade routes -A disatrous plague killing much of the population of Europe -It shook up the social order in the way that kings had just as likely a chance of dying from the plague as the poor |
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Boccaccio
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-Renaissance writer who wrote the Decameron (satire)
-he described the Black Death as very gruesome - told of how people abandoned each other - even their own families -told of the confusion in traditional roles- men were doing women's jobs |
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Henry Knighton
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-Augustinian canon and historian
-Wrote the Chronicle -Gave a description of the black plague and its effects on the economy, social structure and politics -logistics = wages +/- -Peasants Revolt of 1381 |
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William Langland
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-Wrote Piers Plowman
-Social commentary - said there should be social equality but he spoke down on rich people -It paints a picture of a peasant's life -He says the rich cannot buy their way into Heaven - indulgences were being sold at the time |
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Christine De Pizan
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-One of the first Feminist writers of European history
-very well educated -She points out men's flaws and compares the gender differences |
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Margery Kempe
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-Became one of England's great mystics - she was celebit, ascetic, and she saw visions
-Wrote a Chaste Life -She became chaste after having fourteen children -she made God the most important part of her life - she changed the social structure in her family by switching roles with her husband and making him become chaste with her -she was illiterate |
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Hundred Years War
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-1337-1453 c.e.
-War between England and France -At the beginning and middle, England took over much land from France, but by the end, France takes back all of their land -They took time off during the Black Plague |
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Renaissance
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-Concept of rebirth of values, classical learning, and ideas
-Man was seen as the measure of all things -Major artisans of the time were Davinci and Raphael Sanzio -14th Century -15th Century: printing press began -Fall of Constantine to the Ottoman Turks |
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Leonardo DaVinci
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-1459-1519c.e.
-Renaissance Man - studied nature, human phisiology and was open minded and observative -Said painting should be mixed with science, phisiology -He described universal qualities |
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Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola
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-wrote the "Dignity of Man"
-He was a child prodigy -The church thought of him as a heretic -he gave images of God and man - chameleon - free will/ controlled destiny -man = the center of the universe -He believed in high standards in men |
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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-Famous Renaissance Writer - wrote "How I Wrote The Prince"
-contraversial - studied social sciences and politics -He was tied to the Medici family -He wrote a letter of his time in exile to the Medici's to get their assistance and get out of exile |
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Hildegard of Bingen
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-1098-1179 c.e.
-Had a vision of the creation -She was a nun and painted her vision |
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Galileo Galilei
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-Scientist and astronomer - relying upon math
-He was arrested by the Inquisition for his Copernican views -He supposedly violated the Bible by saying the Earth rotated around the sun |
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King Henry VIII
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-King of England in the 15th Century
-He excommunicates himself from the church because they would not let him divorce his wife Queen Catherine of Aragon -He starts the Protestant Church of England and forces the residents of England to convert from Christianity -He later married 6 other women |
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Babylonian Captivity
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-1307
-Papacy is moved to Avinon, France and is owned by the French King -Pope Phillip III was being held hostage by the King of France |
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Enlightenment
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-17th Century
-Ushering in the modern period with rational thought -it was a time to put aside the Middle Ages |
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Protestant Reformation
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changed:
-justification by faith instead of the sacraments -consubstantiation vs. transubstantiation -witness of ritual vs. performance of miracles -"priesthood of all believers" vs. priestly caste |
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Battle of Agincourt
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-Took part during the Hundred Years War - 1415
-The English were outnumbered by the French in the farmlands of N.E. France -Henry of England commanded a force of 5000 archers and 1000 men-at-arms while the French army had 25000 men -The English won against incredible odds |
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The Globe Theatre
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-The first ever wooden amphitheatre
-Designed by William Shakespear in the 1600's |
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Mantaigne
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-Wrote "Comparing the Old world and the New"
-trained as a lawyer -He was sad because he witnessed the death of a friend -He was a counselor to Parliament of Bordeaux -Wrote French prose -He drew connections between Native Americans and Europeans - said they were similar and equal -He talked about how Alexander united his conquered nations- said conquerors should not take advantage of the new people |
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Thomas Hobbes
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-Wrote the "State of Nature"
-English philosopher at Oxford -lived through the civil war -Wrote about forms and rights of government - his book was burned -equality of man: mind and body help balance each other out -Men: compete, safety, and glory -In war time nothing is unjust - it disrupts daily life and developements -Nature: state of war |
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Rene Descartes
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-Wrote "A Method for Thinking Clearly and Distinctly"
-Father of Modern philosphy -Studied humanities and law -View of others: there is an overall equality in humans -logic: investigated before looking into things, subdivide problems, simple - complex in thoughts -no certain of anything -his view of others breaks down heirarchies |
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Elizabeth I
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-Second daughter of Henry VIII - reigned for almost 50 years
-Had great propaganda - described herself as a woman but also masculine in her role as king of England |
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Christopher Columbus
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-Discovered the New World in 1492
-He sailed to "the Indies" with the patronage of Spain |
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Charles VIII
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-1494 c.e.
-Holy Roman Emperor who invaded Italy and ousts the Medicis from power in Florence |
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Thirty Years War
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-1618-1648
-Religious and political dispute in Germany which led to an international conflict involving Spain, France, Sweden, and England -It wreaked economic and social havoc in Germany and decimated its population -As a result, all of Europe suffered |
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Gutenberg and the Printing Press
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-In 1453 Johann Gutenberg printed a 42 - line Bible in Mainz
-It led to the spread of Christianity in the Bible and it sparked a growth in literacy and the desire of learning in the way that printing was faster and more popular |
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Diet of Worms
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-The Parliament in the town of Worms which assembled to give a hearing to Martin Luther
-The Parliament consisted of Charles V and an assembly of rich people -The Hearing decided that Luther should not be killed |
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Inquisition
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-Roman, Spanish, and Universal Roman Inquisitions
-Times of religious persecution by a Catholic King |
