U Of H Art History

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Form

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Referring to visual aspects; qualities of line, shape, space, mass, volume, light, color, texture, and composition.

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Composition

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organization, or arrangement, of forms in a work of art.

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Content

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the meaning of the piece of art.

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Subject Matter

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reference to things in nature, story, or historical situation.

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Realism & Naturalism

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an artists' attempts to represent the observable world in a manner that appears to descrube its visual apprearance accurately.

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Hieratic Scale

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Use of different sizes for powerful or holy figures and for ordinary people to indicate relative importance.

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Idealization

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strives to create images of physcial perfection according to prevailing values or tastes of culture.

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Abstract

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work from nature or from a memory image of nature's forms and colors which are simplified, stylized, distorted, elaborated or otherwise transformed to achieve a desired expressive effect.

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Formal Analysis

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exploration of visual character that artists bring to their work-using the materiasl adn the techniques chosen to create them.

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Iconography

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Identifying and studying the subject matter and conventional motifs or symbols in works of art.

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Relief sculpture

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3D imgae/ design whose flat background is carved away to a certain depth, setting off the figure

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Stele

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stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs;grave marker or memorial.

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ziggurat

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In Mesopotamia, a tall stepped tower often supporting a shrine.

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Fertile Crescent

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an area where people in Asia Minor and the ancient Near East domesticated grains.

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Nile River

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"Egypt is the gift of the Nile"; said to be a great river and the worlds longest. Winds northward from equatorial Africa and flows through Egypt in a straight line to the Mediterranean.

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Cylinder Seal

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small cylindrical stone decorated with incised patterns. When rolled across soft wax/clay it results in a raised design that served as a signature or identification.

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Sumer

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city and city-states that developed along rivers of southern Mesopotamia between 3500 and 2340 BCE

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Cuneiform

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early form of writing with wedge-shaped marks pressed into wet clay with a stylus; used by ancient Mesopatamians.

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Babylon

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Capital city that belonged to the ruller Hammurabi.

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Assyria

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Assyrians came to power in 1400 BCE and by the end of the 19th century, conrolled most of Mesopotamia. Empire collapsed by 600 BCE leaving behind huge palaces on high paltforms inside different fortified cities that serced as Assyrian capitals.

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votive figure

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Image created as a devotional offering to a god or other diety.

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Nebuchadnezzar II

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Ruled 605-562 BCE); suppresed Jews; built temples dedicated to Babylonian gods;

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Inanna

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goddess of love and war who ruled the people of Sumer

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Persepolis

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Capital in Persia run by King Darius;many different styles of art that combined many different traditons--Persian, Mede, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek.

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Meskalamdug

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"hero of the good land"; was an early ruler of Ur; his tomb was filled with gold artifacts including a golden helmet with an inscription hi name.

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Sargon I (Akkad)

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"King of the Four Quarters of the World"; ruled 2332-2279 BCE; ruler of the Akkadians; conquered most of Mesopotamia.

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Naram-Sin

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ruled 2254-2218 BCE; Akkadian ruler; had a stele dedicated to him to show how much authority and power he had over his people and enemies.

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Gudea

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Ruler of Lagash; built and restored many temples and inside placed votive statues representing himself as governor and embodiment of just rule.

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Shamash

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Native Mesopotamian deity and the sun god in the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian pantheons.

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Sargon II (Assyria)

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Ruled 721-706 BCE; built a new Assyrian capital at Dur Sharrukin; his palace complex (where he governed and resided) was built on a 40 ft. high paltform

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Ka

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Human soul or life form

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Serdab

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Egyptian tombs, the small room where the Ka statue was kept.

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mastaba

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Tomb structure in Early dynastic Egypt; used by Upper levels of society like the King's family/relatives; flat topped, one story building with slanted walls erected over underground tomb

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necropolis

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means "city of the dead"; A large cemetery or burial area

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nemes headdress

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Royal Egyptian headdress; a stripped gold and blue linen head cloth.

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Hatshepsut

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ruled 1473-1458 BCE; female ruler of Egypt and had herself declared 'king' and was represented that way in art.

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Akhenaten

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His name means " One who is Effective on Behalf of Aten" (Aten= sun deity);ruled 1353-1336 BCE;radically transformed the political, spiritual, and cultural life of the Egypt

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Nefertiti

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Wife of King Akhenaten; work of art of her head depicts her with a long neck, heavy-lidded eyes, and a blue headdress with the use of dramatic bold color.

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Aegean Sea

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3 main culture lived in the Aegean region: Cycladic, Minoan, Crete; the sea provided people a link beween the mainlan and the islands.

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Cycladic

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culture that developed during the Bronze Age; engaged in crafts, herding, trade, and agriculture

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Helladic

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Helladic comes from the Hellas, the Greek name for Greece; 3000-1000 BCE

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Minoan

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1900-1375 BCE; a culture that flourished in Crete; divided into two main periods: Old Palace (1900-1700 BCE) and New Palace (1700-1450 BCE)

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Mycenaean

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Built citadels to protect the palaces of their rulers; buried their dead in vaulted tombs.

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ashlar masonry

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stones laid in parallel courses

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Pylos

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construceted in 1340 BCE but soon destroyed by fires; Pylos megarons were magnificent desplays of architecutural and decorative skill.

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fresco

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painting techinique that uses water-based pigments applied to wet plaster.

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post and lintel

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architectural system of construction with two or more verticle elements (posts) supporting a horizontal element (lintel)

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Knossos

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erected 1900 BCE; later referred to as the Labyrinth- "House of the Double Axes"; the complex was basically a maze with doors leading to undamailar rooms, dead ends etc.

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Cyclopean masonry

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Method of building using huge blocks of stone; named after Cyclopse (one eyed giant monster) because of how tall it was (30 feet)

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Mycenae

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Walled complex in Mycenae; showed how important the city was; walls were rebult three different times.

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corbelled arch

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is an arch-like construction method that uses stones that project slightly beyond the previous layer until upper-most corbels meet.

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megaron

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Main hall of a Mycenaean palace, or grand house, with a columnar porch and room with centreal fireplace sourrounded by 4 columns.