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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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proprietorship
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when just an individual owns a business
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partnership
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a relatively small business
that is owned by two or more people |
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corporation
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a large business that raises money
by selling stock |
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stock
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a certificate of ownership
of a company |
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stockholders
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people who have purchased
a part ownership in a corporation or big business |
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dividends
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payment$ made to a stockholder
from the corporation |
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trusts
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a group of companies
run as a single enterprise |
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monopoly
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when a company has
total control of a product |
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laissez faire captialism
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an economy where the government
does NOT regulate businesses |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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the federal law that made
monopolies and trusts illegal |
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horizontal integration
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when a business expands
by buying similar businesses |
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conspicuous consumption
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lavish spending to look good socially
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benevolent societies
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organizations formed during the turn of the century
to help new immigrants |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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federal law denied U.S. citizenship
to people born in China-- prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers |
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Immigration Restriction League
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rich members of Boston Society
who wanted all immigrants to pass a literacy test |
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settlement houses
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community centers in poor neighborhoods
provided education, recreation and other services |
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Social Darwinism
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a theory from the late 1800's:
through competition, the "fittest" rise to the top of society |
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philanthropy
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charity that benefits the public:
financing libraries, universities & entertainment |
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tenements
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crowded buildings in poor neighborhoods
that often had several families living in one apartment |
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dumbbell tenements
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houses built in shapes of a dumbbell
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change
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when things become different from what they have been
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urban
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an area within a city
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rural
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an area that is not part of a city
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Gilded Age
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post-Civil War America:
corruption and greed of industrial society |
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graft and corruption
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industries controlled congress
by pay-offs and favors |
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political machines
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political organizations ran by "Bosses"
who used their political appointment to control elections |
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Social Reformers
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people who try to correct problems in society
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Social Reform
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long term changes that benefit the general public
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First World
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countries whose governments and citizens
BOTH have A LOT of industry/technology |
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Second World
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countries whose governments have industry/technology,
BUT their citizens do not |
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Third World
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countries whose governments and citizens
have very little industry/technology |
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unskilled labor
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workers with no training
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semi-skilled labor
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workers with some training
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skilled labor
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workers who are fully trained
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Knights of Labor
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National union (formed in 1869)
consisted of skilled and unskilled workers |
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Haymarket Riot
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violent confrontation in Chicago
between workers, anarchists and police Helped turn public support against the labor movement |
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anarchists
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people who oppose all forms of government
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anarchy
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anti-government, anti-control,
total freedom, no control |
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yellow dog contracts
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employees' agreement with boss, no union
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lockouts
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tactic used by employers:
bars workers from plants until concessions from workers are obtained |
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strikebreakers
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non-union workers brought in by a company
to replace striking workers |
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populism
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rural movement;
1st example of farmers (disadvantaged group) to use political process to get what they want |
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Interstate Commerce Act
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federal law that regulated railroad freight rates and created an agency
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Graduated Income Tax
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system in which the rate of taxes
varies according to income |
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The Progressive Movement
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The act of people trying to cure society
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Progressivism
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the title of an era in U.S. History
when citizens created a movement to better the life in America |
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Lower class
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social class--poor
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Middle class
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social class--between wealthy and poor
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Upper class
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social class--wealthy
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Muckrakers
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reformers or activists during the progressive era
tried to educate the people to the evils of society by focusing on the worst examples of the social problems |
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Social Problems
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economic and moral problems in society
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Workplace Reformers
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people who tried to reform problems in the workplace
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revolutionaries
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people who tried to create change
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industrial revolution
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a time in history
when machines took the place of people |
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industrialism
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industry's growth in society
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labor unions
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organizations of workers who joined together
to demand better working conditions and wages |
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open shops
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a factory setting of all types of employees:
either union members OR non-union workers |
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closed shops
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allows only union labor
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socialism
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a form of economics that has
government ownership of the means of production |
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capitalism
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a form of economics that has
private ownership of the means of production |
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AFL
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American Federation of Labor
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IWW
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Industrial Workers of the World
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public education
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education supported by taxes --
any student can attend |
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private education
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education paid by person
(Usually there are standards that one has to achieve before he or she is able to attend.) |
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WCTU
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
reform group in favor of temperance, moral purity, and the rights of women |
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
civil rights organization founded in 1909 to work for social reforms that could benefit African Americans to end racism |
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National Urban League
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founded by blacks & whites
Worked to improve job opportunities and housing for urban blacks |
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Society of American Indians
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organizations formed by Native Americans
to address Indian problems |
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assimilation
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cultural absorption of a group
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immigrant
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when people come to a new country
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immigration
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the act of when a person moves to a new country
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direct primary
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a voting process where people
select the candidates for the general election |
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initiative
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when people begin legislation
without the help of politicians |
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referendum
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when you begin the legislation process
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recall
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a political process where people can
remove a politician from office by voting them out |
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Federal Government
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national government
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State Government
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government for only one state
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Local Governement
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Gov't for city/county
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The Square Deal
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Teddy Roosevelt:
treat EVERYONE fairly |
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arbitration
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hearing in which a third party settles a dispute
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trust-busting
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breaking companies into informal agreement
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Meat Inspection Act
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Federal consumer protection law:
required the government inspection of interstate meat shipments |
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Food and Drug Act
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Government regulations:
could not manufacture food, medicine with harmful ingredients to sell or transport |
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National Parks
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Roosevelt created them;
heritage for nation |
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reclamation
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process of making damaged land productive again
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New Nationalism
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Roosevelt: program of social legislation
calls for tough laws to protect workers, public health, and regulates business |
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Republican Party
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economy; business
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Democratic Party
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social welfare of citizens
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Bull Moose Party
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Progressive Party:
Teddy Roosevelt based this party on the new nationalism |
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Federal Trade Commission
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Government agency established in 1914
to enforce anti-trust laws and to investigate corporations engaged in unfair or fraudulent practices |
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Federal Farm Loan Act
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Federal law proposed during President Woodrow Wilson's administration
that provided low-interest loans to farmers |
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Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
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proposed federal law that outlawed
the interstate sale of products produced by child labor |
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Women's Suffrage
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women's right to vote
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19th Ammendment
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women's right to vote
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Imperialism
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when a stronger country
controls a weaker country |
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Empire Building
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ADDING MORE COLONIES which led to war
(Does not refer to the "empire state bldg"!) |
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Colonialism
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when a country established
outposts for trading purposes or as a source of raw materials |
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raw materials
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basic materials
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Spanish-American War
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war declared by U.S. on Spain
to protect U.S. investments and to help Cuba overthrow Spanish rule |
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annexation
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action by one country
to take control of another country or territory |
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independence
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when a country controls itself
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spheres of influence
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the area controlled or influenced
by a stronger country |
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open door policy
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a foreign policy where all nations
should be able to have unrestricted trade with another nation |
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boxer rebellion
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occurred in China when
the revolutionaries wanted to get rid of all foreigners |
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isolation of Japan
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1853 Commander Perry forced trade with U.S.
(limited contact with the rest of the world) |
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Platt Amendment
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addition to Cuba's constitution:
enacted in 1902 and renounced in 1934-- gave the U.S. greater control over Cuban affairs |
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protectorate
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country dependent on another country
for protection |
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the Panama Canal
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(Teddy Roosevelt)
passage through Panama from Atlantic to Pacific; only government project on time, under budget 1904-1914 to build |
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the Monroe Doctrine
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U.S. foreign policy that
told Europe not to try to imperialize the Americas |
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Roosevelt Corollary
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(Teddy Roosevelt) put teeth in Monroe doctrine.
If Europe uses force--U.S. will act |
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Dollar Diplomacy
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President Taft's policy
of using economic influence, rather than military force, to protect U.S. interests in Latin America |
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Big Stick Diplomacy
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(Teddy Roosevelt)
"Walk softly and carry a big stick!" U.S. acting like police officer in Latin America affairs |
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Mexican-American War
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conflict between Mexico and the U.S.
brought about by the U.S. annexation of Texas and its quest for more territory |
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San Juan Hill
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(Teddy Roosevelt) Spanish American War; cuba;
decisive battle won war for U.S. |
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Pan German movement
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German efforts prior to WW I
to unite all German-speaking peoples under one flag |
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Pan-Slavic movement
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efforts supported by Russia
to bring together all Slavic peoples of central and eastern Europe, in direct opposition to the Pan German movement |
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militarism
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a belief that the stronger the military--
the more powerful image the country will project to other nations |
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alliances
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formal cooperation between nations
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Triple Alliance
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title of the group of countries who fought in the beginning of WWI and
who were later referred to as the Central Powers |
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Triple Entente
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title of the group of countries who fought in the beginning of WWI--
later referred to as the Allies |
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Central Powers
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WWI alliance led by
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Bulgaria |
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Allied Powers
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WWI alliance:
France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and later the U.S. |
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Trench Warfare
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type of warfare unique to WWI.
it does not occur in any other major war in history--fight from man-made ditches |
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no-man's land
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an area of land between the trenches in WWI
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neutrality
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if a country desires to be left out of a conflict,
they are practicing this form of foreign policy |
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isolationism
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when a country chooses
to take no side in a conflict |
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Zimmerman Note
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document that showed that
Germany was trying to establish a military alliance with Mexico |
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mobilization
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whenever a nation gets its
military forces ready for future action |
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Selective Service Act
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the American government created this order to organize a system where they would be able
to sign up able bodied men to partipate in WWI |
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Doughboys
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a term used to identify
the American Infantrymen in WWI. |
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the Western Front
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WWI; home front
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the Russian Revolution
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Communists took over the country
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armistice
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a cease-fire that ends the combat
during a conflict |
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peace treaty
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agreement
between two or more nations to not fight |
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war economy
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when production of a country is
focused upon war materials during the time of the conflict |
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peace economy
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economy of country during peace time
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National War Labor Board
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group of representatives from business and labor
who arbitrated disputes between workers and employers during WWI |
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Committee on Public Information
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agency established in 1917:
waged a vigorous propaganda campaign to convince Americans to support the war effort |
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War Industries Board
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U.S. agency during WWI responsible for
allocating scarce materials establishing production priorities and setting prices |
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Sedition Act
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dealt with anti-war actions
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Espionage Act
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deals with spying and giving information to enemy :
treason |
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various names for WWI
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The Great War,
The War To End All Wars, The War To Make The World Safe For Democracy |
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League of Nations
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an international group of countries
formed during the peace conference following WWI to promote peace between countries in the future |
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Fourteen Points
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ideas that were proposed by Woodrow Wilson
to treat all nations involved in WWI FAIRLY! |
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self-determination
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an idea that centers around
a country wanting to be in charge of their own affairs |
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Paris Peace Conference
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the BIG FOUR:
Americans, British, French, Italians gathered in Paris 1918 |
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reparations
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a term used to identify the
payments that the winner receives after a major conflict |
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America's response to the Paris Peace Conference
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mainly negative
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Irreconcilables
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Republican senators who
opposed the League of Nations and rejected the Treaty of Versailles |
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Reservationists
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Republican senators who would support the Treaty of Versailles
only if the League of Nations covenant was amended |
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Balfour Declaration
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an English idea that proposed that
the Jewish people be given a homeland in Palestine |
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demobilization
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getting into peace
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the Red Scare
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fear of Communists taking over
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall was
convicted of accepting bribes for leasing the government oil reserve in Teapot Dome, Wyoming to private oil companies |
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the KKK
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Ku Klux Klan:
repressive mood expands fueled by racism and discrimination. militant movement for WASP dominance of America |
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Black Nationalism
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equality for blacks/
a homeland in Africa |
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the assembly line
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production where product moves past workers
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consumerism
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need products--life easier (better lives)
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consumer
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person who uses products
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Flappers
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nickname to the young women in the 1920's
who did not follow the traditional behavior of women |
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Prohibition
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when a person believes that alcohol
is the cause of all evil in society |
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fundamentalism
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whenever a belief is traditional and
the person follows the basic ideas |
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Harlem Renaissance
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reawakening of black people in America
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the Lost Generation
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a group of young writers who focused on the negative things
that were going on in the 1920's |
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planned obsolescence
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a new term created in the 1920's
to make people believe that products should be replaced at regular intervals so that the consumer can have the newest and best things available |
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mass media
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methods of communication
to large groups of people (TV newspaper etc;) |
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mass marketing
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selling products to many people at once
through mass media |
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advertising
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a desire to purchase a product is created by a third party
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propaganda
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influence public opinion by
using questionable information |
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Jazz Age
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a focus on daily life after the Great War;
& Jazz Music originates in US |
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bull market
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upward trend in stock prices
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bear market
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downward trend in stock prices
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margin buying
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purchasing stock with borrowed money
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Black Tuesday
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October 29, 1929:
the day the stock market crashed |
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speculator
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a person who buys stock and
then sells them quickly for profit (short term) |
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Gross National Product
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(GNP)
the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a given year |
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recession
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period of reduced economic activity by
economic decline |
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depression
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sharp drop in business activity
accompanied by rising unemployment |
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The Great Depression
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deep economic downturn that
gripped the US between 1929 and the beginning of WWII |
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mismanaged economy
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financial state of a country
that has been poorly controlled |
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business cycle
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regular ups and downs in business
in a free enterprise economy |
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"hard times"
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no money (Depression)
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breadlines
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lines formed by people
waiting for free food (during the Great Depression) |
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shanty towns
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makeshift shelters built by homeless people;
for example, the Hoovervilles that were built during the Great Depression |
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Dust Bowl
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50 million acre region in the Great Plains
that suffered a severe drought in the mid-1930's |
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rugged individualism
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idea that success comes through
individual effort and private enterprise |
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Jane Addams
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founding of NAACP;
peace activist; settlement house movement |
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Upton Sinclair
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wrote "The Jungle" in 1906;
reported industrial practices and unsanitary conditions |
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Samuel Gompers
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leadership (AFL) made clear in 1921;
described winner of 1st Miss America beauty pageant: homemaker was still the ideal of American womanhood |
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Theodore Roosevelt
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President from 1901-1909:
involved with conservation of the environment |
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William Taft
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(Dollar Diplomacy)
"substituting dollars for bullets"; economic influence for military force; influence in Latin America |
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Woodrow Wilson
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"14 Points";
opposed women's suffrage; promoted League of Nations |
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Susan B. Anthony
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one of the first presidents of NAWSA: National American ...
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William Randolph Hearst
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owner of "Journal" ;
practiced Yellow Journalism |
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Pancho Villa
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Mexican revolutionary army leader
during Mexican Revolution. Tried to provoke American intervention by raiding New Mexico |
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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heir to Austro-Hungarian throne.
Killed in Sarajevo, June 1914 by Serbian. His murder started WWI. |
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Alvin York
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Medal of Honor awarded to him in WWI
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John Pershing
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General Commander of ADF (American Expeditionary Force) for WWI.
Also commander of troops in Mexican/American War that chased Pancho Villa |
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Bernard Baruch
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Director of WIB (War Industries Board)
central war agency for WWI |
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Herbert Hoover
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President 1929-1933;
credit for Depression Republican |
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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1921 two Italian anarchists accused of murder;
received death penalty |
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Leopold and Lobe
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crime of the century
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Calvin Coolidge
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President 1923-1929;
called "silent Cal" Republican |
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Henry Ford
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creator of Ford Model T;
Ford Motor Co.; assembly line |
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Charles Lindbergh
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first person to fly across Atlantic in May 1927
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Amelia Earhart
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first female to fly across Atlantic.
disappeared in Pacific during flight around the world |
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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elected president in 1932.
Democrat "FDR" cousin to Teddy Roosevelt |
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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married to Franklin D. Roosevelt;
Social Reformer |
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Langston Hughes
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Harlem Renaissance poet.
Wrote about black pride |
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John Steinbeck
|
wrote "Grapes of Wrath",
a novel about the Depression |
