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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“… combines previously learned principles, procedures, declarative knowledge and cognitive strategies in a unique way to solve previously un-encountered [challenges].”
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Problem Solving Knowledge
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Labels and names - paired associate learning. Facts and lists – relational; Organized discourse - threads of meaning related to prior knowledge.
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Declarative Knowledge
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“A set of objects, symbols, or events which are grouped together on the basis of shared characteristics and which can be referenced by a particular name or symbol” (Merrill & Tennyson, 1977, p. 3).
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Concept Knowledge
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Involves concept learning, particularly at decision points Declarative steps are not dependent upon declarative instructional strategies - if you have to memorize one step, you don’t teach the entire procedure with a declarative instructional strategy. May proceed principle learning or vice versa. Supports efficient problem solving. Productions (if-then hypothesizing) are involved.
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Procedure Knowledge
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If-then or cause-effect statement of the relationship between two or more concepts. Propositions, generalizations, laws, axioms, theorems,postulates. Productions (if-then hypothesizing) are key.
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Principle Knowledge
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Example: Parking permit holders who have not paid any fines will have a hold placed on their university status and be unable to register for courses.
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Principle
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Example: “Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire) are rocks formed by solidification of cooled magma (molten rock), with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks” (Wikipedia).
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Declarative
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Example: When water does not land on a porous surface it will run off and collect. In a home environment, how can this be resolved?
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Problem Solving
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Example: Comprehensive exams are final, summative assessments, typically completed in the final semester of a degree program, in written form.
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Concept
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Example: Canyon Lake Dam was built to protect the lower Guadalupe River Basin of severe flooding and to conserve water. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed an earthen dam on Guadalupe Mile 303 because of the geographical features of Balcones Escarpment.
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Declarative
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Example: Extreme weather events (such as a flood, hurricane, or tornado) can cause an uncontrolled discharge of water that can damage natural and man-made features.
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Principle
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Example: If water levels are managed, then reservoir and downstream water flow will accommodate conservation, flood control, and water recreation.
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Principle
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Example: Soluble rocks include limestone, chalk, gypsum, and salt.
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Concept
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Example: Appropriate behavior is actions that are suitable for the classroom environment, follow the classroom rules and respect others bodies and feelings.
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Principle
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Example: Soluble rocks include limestone, chalk, gypsum, and salt.
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Concept
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Example: A rock is soluble when layers of the rock dissolve in water.
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Principle
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Example: After a recent rain, water is collecting under a cactus, causing it to rot. What can be done to save the cactus?
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Problem Solving
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Instructional Process: What is taught by doing the following?
Steps are accurately described and presented in order Simple ***** can be taught through discovery. Complex ***** can be taught by expository strategies. |
Procedure
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Instructional Process: What is taught by doing the following?
Provide examples, demonstrations, experiments, or observations. Have learner generalize and then utilize what they have concluded. |
Principle
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Instructional Process: What is taught by doing the following?
Learner identifies common attributes among examples and then discriminate between examples and non-examples. |
Concept
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Instructional Process: What is taught by doing the following?
Learner must memorize then recognize or recall. Facilitated by associational, organizational (e.g. visual, cluster, etc.), elaborative (concept mapping), or rehearsal strategies. |
Declarative
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Instructional Process: What is taught by doing the following?
Present scenario, learner makes plan of action, learner experiments with possible course of actions, learner evaluates outcome. |
Problem Solving
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