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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
london dispersion force or induced-dipole-induced dipole interaxn
|
-resultant transient dipole moment can induce dipole in an adjacent molecule
-weak electrostatic forces -resp for liquefaction of nonpolar gases |
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dipole-induced dipole interaxn or
debye induction force |
transient dipole induced by a permanent dipole
strongest interaxn |
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keesom orientation forces
or permanent dipole interaxn |
+ debye + london forces = Van der Waals forces
- resp for more substantive structure & molecular oredering found in liq |
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hydrogen bonds
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small
large electrostatic field approach high electronegative atoms -> interact electrostatically => form H bond |
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electronegative atoms
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Fl
O N CL S |
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ion dipole interaxn
or dipole induction by anion |
affect molecular aggregation or ordering in a system
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state of ideal gas
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PV = nRT
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molar gas constant
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0.0825L atm/mole deg
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anesthetic gases
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nitrous oxide
halothane |
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compressed gases
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oxygen
nitrous oxide nitrogen carbon dioxide |
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liquefable gases
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halohydrocarbons
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hydrocarbons
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used as propellants in aerosol prdts
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ethylene oxide
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gas used to sterilize or disinfect heat labile objects
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increase temp
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increast heat content or enthalpy
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melting
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solid -> liq
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vaporization
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liq-gas
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volatile liq
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halothane
ether methoxyflurane used as inhalation anes |
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amyl nitrite
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volatile liq inhaled ofr its vasodilating eff in acute angina
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sublimation
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solid -> gas without liq
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ex of sublimation
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camphor
iodide |
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freeze drying or lyophilization
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form of vacuum drying
water removed by sublimation fr frozen prdt useful for drying aquous solns or dispersion of heat or oxygen sensitive drugs or biologicals (protein, peptide) |
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deposition
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reverse process -> vapor to liq
ex: sulfur colloidal silicon dioxide |
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at room temp
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intermolecular in gases are nonexistent
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surface free energy
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work required to inc the surface area A of the liq by 1 area unit (milliNewtons)
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interfacial tension
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free energy
work req to expant the interfacial area |
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rate of shear
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deformation of liq w/ time
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coefficient of viscosity
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indicates resistance to flow of adjacent layers of fluid
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fluidity
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reciprocal of viscosity
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dynes
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units of viscosity in CGS sys
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viscosity of water @ 20 degree C
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0.01 poise
1 centipoise |
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newtonian
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liquids consist of simple molecules and dilute dispersions
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non newtonian
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-do not obey newtons equation of flow
-exhibit shear dependent or time dependent viscosity |
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ex of non newtonian
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heterogenous liq and solids
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shear thickening or dilatancy
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inc in apparent viscosity
shear dependent viscosity |
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ex of shear thickening
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susp that have inc solids content of small deflocculated particles
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shear thinning or pseudoplasticity
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dec in apparent viscosity
inc rate shear |
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ex of shear thinning
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polymer
macromolecule soln |
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plastic or bingham body
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flocculated particles in conc susp that show no apparent response to low level stress
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flow
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begins only after a lmting yield stress/ valve is exceeded
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thixotropic
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-display shear thinning behavior
- do not immediately recover their higher apparent viscosity when the rate of shear is lowered -structural recovery is relatively slow compared w/ structural breakdown |
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thixotrophy
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occurs w/ heterogenous sys that involve a 3 dimentsional structure or network
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thixotropy @ rest
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rigid consistency
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thixotrophy under shear
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structure breaks down and fluidity inc (gel-sol transformation)
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negative thixotropy or antithixotropy
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-apparent viscosity of sys continues to inc with continued application of shear up to some equilibrium value @ a given shear rate
-displays sol-gel transformation -continued shear inc frequency of particle/macromolecule interaxs -> inc structure in the sys |
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crystalline solids
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fixed molecular order
distinct melting pt anisotropicity |
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anisotropicity
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properties are not the same as all directions escept cubic crystals
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amorphous solids
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randomly arranges molecules nondistinct melting pt's
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isotropicity
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prop are the same all directions
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polymorphism
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condition wherein subs can exist in more than 1 crystalline form
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polymorphs
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diff molecular arrangements
diff crystal lattice structure |
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ex of drug class of polymorphic behavior
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steroids
faaty (triglyceride)excipients |
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fatty (triglyceride) excipients
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theobroma oil
cocoa butter |
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latent chg of fusion
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when 1 g solid is heated and melts => heat absorbed
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triple pt
water = 0.01 deg C and 6.04.10 atm |
all 3 phases exist in equilibrium - 56.558 deg c
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critical pt
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no distinction between liq and gas phase
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supercritical fluids
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exist above critical pt
ex CO2 - 30.98 deg c and 73.8 atm |
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critical point
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no distinction between liq and gas phase
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supercritical fluids
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exist above critical pt
ex: CO2-30.98 degree c and 73.8atm |