Twentieth Century, Contemporary, And Pop Music

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Twentieth Century Music

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huge variety, huge emphasis on new, should be divided into eras

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Twentieth Century: instruments

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perfected versions of old ones and electronic instruments

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Twentieth Century: performance venues

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court composers died out, chamber music mostly in concert halls,

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Twentieth Century style: impressionism

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dreamlike, between program and absolute music, didn't tell a story, just conveyed an impression, no hard edges

tech: note clusters, blend into color, unusual scales ie whole tone scales, static harmony

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Twentieth Century style: expressionism

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non tonal, non traditional stuff, extreme, could be radically different from other expressionistic works though, schroenberg, berg, webern

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Twentieth Century style: nationalism

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composers nationality or homeland expressed

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Twentieth Century compositional technique atonality, bitonality, polytonality

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-no tonic or center, if it sounded like that it would be changed
-using two tonal centers at the same time which sounded dissonant and bitonal together
-two or more tonal centers exist at same time

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: polyrhythm, polymeter, irregular meter, mixed meter

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-refers to two rhythms occurring at the same time
-multiple meters occur at the same time
-meters not divisible by 2 or 3
-meter changes frequently

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Twentieth Century performance technique: sprechstimme

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speaking a pitch as close to pitch indicated as possible, all sound different
Schonberg's Pierrot Lunaire

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: serialism/12 tone system

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Arnold Schonberg, write atonal more easily
-helped avoid tonic
-draw in random order
-can do inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion, or prime position

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: indeterminancy, aleatory music, chance music

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-parts of music left totally up to the performer, random rhythms, can choose notes, sometimes draw squiggles, maybe make up own dynamics

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: prepared piano

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inserting various objects to get odd sounds by john cage

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Twentieth Century performance tech: extended technique

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making sounds outside normal range of instruments, multiphonics, instruments as percussion, prepared instruments, pitch-bends or smears

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: quoting/borrowing

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note for not copying vs rearranging an old piece

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: electro-acoustic

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electronic means used to create music ie synthesizers, computer music, sampling, tape music

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Twentieth Century compositional technique: musique concrete

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recorded sounds played back as part of performance, can be sped up or slowed down, played back exactly as before, sometimes there are no performers on the stage at all

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Twentieth Century genres: chamber music

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out of private chambers and into recital halls, non traditional influences,

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Twentieth Century genre chamber music : brass quintet

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two trumpets, one horn, one trombone, one tuba,

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Twentieth Century genre chamber: pierrot ensemble

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one flute, one clarinet, one violin, one cello, one piano, maybe vocalist or percussionist,

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Twentieth Century genre: symphony

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less structure than previously, all depends on composer

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Twentieth Century genre: opera

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same as previous but rule breaking huge thing

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Twentieth Century ballet:

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same

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Twentieth Century genre: concerto

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continued to be popular

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Twentieth Century genre: mass

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masses in church and concert halls

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Composers

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Berg- student of schronberg but with more romantic sound
Bernstein- incorporated jazz and pop elements, west side story
John Cage- everything is music, prepared piano
Debussy- impressionist,
Gershwin- wrote new theater music and classical

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Contemporary Era: 1960-present

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1960-present, new music and instruments

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Contemporary Era style: minimalism

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short motives, simple melodies, simple harmonic progressions, repeated over and over, hypnotic effect, slight changes with each repetition.

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Contemporary Era Compositional technique: Phrasing

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two or more simultaneous performances of a melody or rhythm play over and over, but one is slightly faster making them get gradually out of sync until catching up again

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Contemporary Era composers:

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John Adams- operas controversial
George Crumb- weird instruments and sounds
Phillip Glass- minimalist, film backgrounds

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Popular Music intro

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20th and 21st centuries, often in clubs, arenas, product is the recording of a song made by an artist, but classical world the product is the score that is purchased by classical musicians

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Popular Music performance technique: cover

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artist redoes a song by another pop artist to highlight their best qualities. they make it unique and original

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Popular Music performance technique: improvisation

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now used often in jazz which bases it on chord progressions. and in elaborate melismas in pop songs

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Popular Music compositional technique: syncopation

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accented notes occur on unaccented beats or at unexpected times. rock and roll or jazz

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Popular Music performance technique: scat-singing

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improvising nonsense syllables instead of actual words

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Popular Music compositional technique: sampling

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like quoting or borrowing and musique concrete, rap artists take existing pop song fragment and replay it over and over while rapping over it

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Popular Music performance technique: source music

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movie music where characters are aware of the music, where they make the music,

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Popular Music compositional technique: underscoring

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music is background and underscores action on screen. music not heard by characters on screen, often use leitmotivs.

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Popular Music genre: film music

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soundtrack, makes effect of movie, first in silent films, then in talkies

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Popular Music genre: jazz

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prominent improvisation, syncopation, featured soloist supported by rhythm section, big band

styles:
new orleans jazz = clarinet and small group
Swing= big band with featured performer
Bebop= reaction to swing, more virtuosic,
Cool Jazz= subdued, in response to Bebop
Jazz fusion= combining pop and rock

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Popular Music genre: musical theater

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story told through dance, song, and spoken dialogue, rooted in opera, siegspiel, vaudeville
Revues- just singing
Book musicals- sound of music
Operatic musicals- Les Mis
Movie adaptations- lion king the musical
Jukebox musicals- Mamma Mia (preexisting music)

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Popular Music Genre: Rock and Roll/ Pop

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influenced by blues, tons of genres