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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acidophil
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GH and prolactin
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modified basophil
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MSH
Endorphin Enkephalin ACTH |
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basophil
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TSH
LH FSH |
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MSH, enkephalin, endorphin, and ACTH all derived from
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preproopiomelanocortin
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GH vs. PRL
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pit. content 50/1
blood content of GH and PRL same in men but greater PRL in women as estrogen increases PRL GH is more species specific than PRL |
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Prolactin releasing hormones
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prolactin-releasing peptide
oxytocin TRH |
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prolactin inhibiting hormones
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dopamine
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PRL physio effects
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initiates lactation
potentiation of effects of testosterone on prostate potentiates effects of LH on leydig cells of testis |
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excess PRL results in
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decreased sperm count
amenorrhea decreased libido increased anabolism |
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factors that increase GH
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decrease in energy substrates (hypoglycemia and exercise)
excess AAs in blood stressful stimuli initial stage of sleep |
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what decreases growth hormone
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glucose
FFAs REM sleep |
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hormones initiating GH release
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vasopressin and glucagon
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cortisol effect on GH
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decreases GH release
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anabolic and electrolyte effects of GH
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increases protein synthesis, primarily by increasing AA transport into cells
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GH fat metabolism
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general fat mobilization and breakdown, both directly and by countering effects of insulin
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GH and carb. metabolism
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increases blood glucose
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categories of cytokines
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inflammatory- TNF-alpha
immunomodulatory- IFN chemokines- oncostatin M GFs- IGF-1 and EGF |
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IGF-1
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mediates tissue-growth effect of GH
made in liver, also syn. locally by many cell types acts on all stages of growth and development, including DNA synthesis, mitosis, and metabolism |
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IGF-2
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acts on fetus
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growth promoting hormones
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thyroid, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, GF families
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common cause of GH excess
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slow growing pit. tumor
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GH excess
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excess long bone growth if childhood onset
excess flat bone growth if adult onset excess soft tissue and visceral growth thick skin, big tongue decreased subcutaneous fat glucose intolerance or diabetes increased atherosclerosis |
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GH deficiency
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reduced growth rate
short stature delayed puberty and bone maturation moderate obesity |
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Laron syndrome
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GH insensitivity
genetic receptor def. increased GH and decreased IGF-1 |
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beta-endorphin
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primarily in ant. pit.
some in periaqueductal gray matter involved in behavioral homeostasis- mood and emotion |
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effects of beta-endorphin
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analgesia- 15-30 minutes
tranquilizatoin- 30-60 min euphoria increase short term memory |
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large doses of beta-endorphin
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rigid catatonia
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conditions ass. with increased endorphins
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vigorous exercise
intense pain nicotine deep relaxation |
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conditions ass. with decreased endorphins
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depression
Rheumatoid arthritis some infertility some cancer |
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motivation/reward pathway
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dopaminergic projections from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens
beta-endorphin facilitates dopamine release from VTA |
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oxytocin and vasopressin
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nonapeptides that differ only at positions 3 and 8
made in NS cells of supraoptic nuclear and paraventricular areas of hypothalamus |
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neurophysin
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transports oxytocin and vasopressin from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
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vasopressin and oxytocin are removed in
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liver and kidneys
ADH also inactivated in blood |
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vasopressin
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increased water reabsorption from kidneys
stimulates mate tending and maternal behavior in some mammals |
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reg of vasopressin release
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mainly by plasma osmolarity
blood volume and pressure |
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oxytocin release regulated by
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suckling reflex
cervical stimulation |
