Tufts Bio 13 Chapter 16 Translation

Front 1

What is the adaptor molecule that holds amino acids and interact with mRNA codons?

Back 1

tRNA

Front 2

When a tRNA becomes covalently linked to an amino
acid what is it called?

Back 2

aminoacyl tRNA

Front 3

What are aminoacyl tRNA synthetases?

Back 3

enzymes that are responsible for catylizing the addition of amino acids to tRNAs

Front 4

How many aminoacyl tRNA synthases are there?

Back 4

20: one for each if the 20 major amino acids

Front 5

How many tRNAs are there if there are 61 codons that code for 20 amino acids? WHY?

Back 5

There are less than 61: about 40 because the third base position is variable and not as important. There is a 3rd base "wobble"

Front 6

what is inosine and why is it important.

Back 6

Inosine is a nitrogen base that may appear in the 3rd position of a tRNA anitcodon. It is important because it can pair with A, C, or U and allows for "wobble" to occur.

Front 7

What is the first step in translation?

Back 7

initiation.

Front 8

What happens in the first step of initiation?

Back 8

In the first step of initiation the mRNA binds with the small subunit of the Ribosome at the m RNAs ribosome binding site (which is about 6 nucleotides upstream of the start codon)with the help of enzymes called initiation factors (in Eukaryotes initiation factors bind to the 5' cap and guide it to the ribosome)

Front 9

What is it called when gene flow stops because of geographic barriers?

Back 9

allopatric speciation

Front 10

What is it called when gene flow stops because of a non-geographic barrier?

Back 10

sympatric speciatin

Front 11

What is it called when gene flow stops becuase of dysfunctional meiosis?

Back 11

chromosomal speciation

Front 12

What is very rapid speciation?

Back 12

adaptive radiation

Front 13

What does hybrid bigor refer to?

Back 13

Vigor of hybrids between lines that are highly inbred for different alleles and that are then crossed to yeild a hybrid. Hybrid vigor therefore refers to "heterozygote" vigor since the cross would be a cross of two homozygotes

Front 14

What does hybrid invaiblility refer to?

Back 14

an offspring from a cross of two species that is weak, dies early etc.

Front 15

What does hybrid sterility refer to?

Back 15

dysfunctional meiosis (and an inability to produce gametes) in the offspring of two species

Front 16

What is vicariance

Back 16

allopatirc speciatiomn due to things like cotinental drift and other land movements

Front 17

What is refugium?

Back 17

allopatric speciation due to climate change

Front 18

What is dispersal and colonization?

Back 18

allopatric speciation due to island colonization

Front 19

turkey breast sandwich

Back 19

3.50

Front 20

ham and cz

Back 20

3.50

Front 21

tuna salad

Back 21

3.50

Front 22

chicken salad

Back 22

3.50

Front 23

egg salad

Back 23

3.50

Front 24

grilled chicken sand

Back 24

3.50

Front 25

club sandwiches

Back 25

4.95

Front 26

sandwich on wrap

Back 26

4.50

Front 27

plain steak

Back 27

sm bulkey roll 3.50
lrg fr bread 4.95

Front 28

steak + anything

Back 28

sm bulkey roll 3.95
lrg fr roll 4.95

Front 29

veggie break burrito

Back 29

3.95

Front 30

sausage break burritto

Back 30

4.95

Front 31

lunch buritto
What with?

Back 31

4.95
steak or chicken

Front 32

tex mex fries

Back 32

2.95

Front 33

tex mex hf w cheese

Back 33

3.95

Front 34

hamburger

Back 34

3.50

Front 35

cheeseburger

Back 35

3.95

Front 36

BLT

Back 36

2.95

Front 37

grill cz

Back 37

2.50

Front 38

grill cz and tomato

Back 38

2.75

Front 39

gr cz, tomato, bacon

Back 39

3.50

Front 40

grill ham and cz

Back 40

3.50

Front 41

grill tuna melt

Back 41

3.50

Front 42

salads

Back 42

3.95

Front 43

pastrami meat

Back 43

5.95

Front 44

RUEBEN

Back 44

5.95

Front 45

bacon turkey wrap

Back 45

5.95

Front 46

grilled veggie

Back 46

5.95

Front 47

chicken or steak fajita

Back 47

5.95

Front 48

lemon pepper chicken

Back 48

5.95

Front 49

chicken shish kabob

Back 49

5.95

Front 50

the gobbler

Back 50

5.95

Front 51

CHICKEN CORDON BLUE

Back 51

5.95

Front 52

chicken ceasar wrap

Back 52

5.95

Front 53

greek salad wrap

Back 53

4.25

Front 54

greek salad wrap with chicken

Back 54

6.45

Front 55

muffin

Back 55

1.50

Front 56

bagel

Back 56

1.25

Front 57

bagel w cream cz

Back 57

1.95

Front 58

sm english muffin

Back 58

1.25

Front 59

lrg english muffin

Back 59

1.50

Front 60

s slices tst

Back 60

1.00

Front 61

raisin tst

Back 61

1.25

Front 62

fried egg sandwich

Back 62

2.25

Front 63

egg and cz sand

Back 63

2.75

Front 64

egg and meat sand

Back 64

3.50

Front 65

egg, cz, meat sand

Back 65

3.95

Front 66

break club

Back 66

4.95

Front 67

egg and cz wrap

Back 67

3.75

Front 68

egg cz and meat wrap

Back 68

4.95

Front 69

one egg and tst

Back 69

2.25

Front 70

one egg, HF, tst

Back 70

2.75

Front 71

2 eggs and tst

Back 71

2.75

Front 72

2 eggs, HF, tst

Back 72

3.25

Front 73

omelettes

Back 73

5.95

Front 74

lrg english muffin

Back 74

1.50

Front 75

s slices tst

Back 75

1.00

Front 76

raisin tst

Back 76

1.25

Front 77

fried egg sandwich

Back 77

2.25

Front 78

egg and cz sand

Back 78

2.75

Front 79

egg and meat sand

Back 79

3.50

Front 80

egg, cz, meat sand

Back 80

3.95

Front 81

break club

Back 81

4.95

Front 82

egg and cz wrap

Back 82

3.75

Front 83

egg cz and meat wrap

Back 83

4.95

Front 84

What are the three steps of brain development?

Back 84

1. 18th day after conception part if the ectoderm of the back of the embryo thickens and forms a neural plate
2. edge of plates curl towards each other, touch fuse together and form a neural tube by day 21
3. The neural tube will become the brain and spinal cord it differentiates into 4 parts:
Forebrain – telencephalon
Midbrain – mesencephaon
Hindbrain – rhombencephalon
Spinal cord

Front 85

What do the original main parts that develop in the brain turn into at adulthood?

Back 85

The forebrain divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon. The telencephalon includes the, Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, Limbic system. The diencephalon includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
The Midbrain forms the mesencephalon which includes the tectum and tagmentum. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and mylencephalon. The metencephalon includes the cerebellum and pons and the mylencelphallon includes the medulla.

Front 86

What are the seven major regions of the brain?

Back 86

cerbral hemispheres, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, spinal cord

Front 87

What is the main function of the cerebral cortex?

Back 87

sensation, perception, cognition

Front 88

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

Back 88

coarse motor control

Front 89

What is the main function of the limbic system?

Back 89

emotions

Front 90

What are the main components of the basal ganglia?

Back 90

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pollidus

Front 91

What are the main components of the limbic system

Back 91

hypothalamus, amygdala, fornix, mammilary bodies

Front 92

What is the main function of the talamus

Back 92

senory relay station

Front 93

What does the thalamus consist of?

Back 93

Lateral geniculae, medial geniculate, and ventrolateral genicualte

Front 94

WHat does the hypothalamus do?

Back 94

Control hormones via pituitary

Front 95

What is the tectum responsible for

Back 95

reflexes

Front 96

What parts make up the tagmentum?

Back 96

rostral end of the reticular formation, the periaquiductal gray matter, the substantial nigra, the venral tagmental area and the red nucleus

Front 97

What does the reticular formation do?

Back 97

receives sensory info via various pathways and projects axons to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and spinal cord. It plays a role in sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tonus, and movement

Front 98

What does the periaquiductal grey do?

Back 98

control species-typical movements such as fighting and mating. Opiates reduce pain by stimulating this region