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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elizabeth - Act of Supremacy |
-Established monarch as 'Supreme Governor' of church, not the 'head', in 1559 -Churchmen had to swear oath of loyalty -Commissioners sent out to investigate the decree of acceptance on a parish level -Court of High Commission established to prosecute disloyal subjects -Church organisation and structure remained |
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Third Act of Uniformity |
-Consolidated the 1549 Prayer Book in 1559 -Catholic artifacts such as candles and crucifixes could be placed on communion tables -Dress code for priests enforced to keep visual traditions unchanged for the laity -Church attendance made compulsory -Absentees fined and money given to poor -Attending Mass was punishable by death |
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1559 Royal Injunctions |
-57 instructions missed by Act of Uniformity -Preachers had to be licensed by a bishop -Lost their license for not preaching for a month -Pilgrimages banned and altars destroyed -English Bibles had to be displayed in every church |
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Third Prayer Book |
-Fusion of the first two prayer books in 1559 -Amalgamated moderate and Protestant language -States that we eat "in remembrance" of Christs death -States that we "feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving" |
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Thirty-Nine Articles |
-Previous acts had not fully set out a new faith -The Convocation set out to define 'Anglicanism' -Published in 1563 and made law in 1571 -Welded parts of Protestant and Catholic traditions to satisfy as many as possible -Remains as the essential statement of the church today -Puritans complained that they were too Catholic |
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Act of Exchange |
-Elizabeth viewed the church as a treasure box -Repealed Mary's reinstatement of papal taxes to pay for the wars with France and Scotland -Allowed herself to take over bishops' property and forced them to rent land to only her -Its primary role was as a threat to keep bishops who were critical of the settlement in line |
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Royal Proclamation |
-Mary largely Protestant, opposed to elevating the host and illustrations of saints -Enjoyed Catholic ornaments, church music and priestly abstinence -Prioritised political stability over religious beliefs -December 1558, limited preaching until parliament could meet |
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Government Religious views |
-Parliament met in January 1559 -Catholic Bishops and Catholic noblemen blocked the reinstatement of the Second Prayer Book -Opposed a female head of the church -Franco-Spanish Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ended English action against France -Government-sponsored religious debate resulted in two Catholic bishops being arrested -Later in 1559, laws were passed by one vote |
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Spain's Reaction to Religious Policy |
-Though they were temporary and the church would be returned to Rome -Phillip offered to marry Elizabeth in 1559 as a gesture to maintain Catholicism -Phillip banned English cloth imports to the Netherlands in 1563 because of Protestant ideas being spread and because she ignored piracy in the channel, Elizabeth did the same -These were reversed in 1564 |
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Peace of Cateau-Cambresis |
-Ended England's military action in France in 1559, helping Elizabeth pass religious policy -Franco-Spanish alliance was a religous threat -Francis II and Mary QoS succeeded Henry II who died celebrating peace with Spain -Mary was a claimant to the English throne as granddaughter of Henry VII |
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Treaty of Edinburgh |
-Protestants led a rebellion in Scotland against Mary of Guise, Catholic regent -William Cecil persuaded Elizabeth to fund them -Treaty brought peace in 1560, and French troops removed from Scotland -Francis II then died, and Mary sought to marry Lord Darnley, a distant English claimant |
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French Civil War |
-Charles IX ascended in 1560 with his mother as regent -Catholics (like Guises) battled French Calvinists (Huguenots), led by Prince of Conde -Civil war broke out in 1562 -France was weakened -But power tipped towards Catholic Spain |
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Treaty of Hampton Court |
-Elizabeth's advisers (Robert Dudley) hoped to recover Calais through supporting Huguenots -The treaty promised military aid and loans in 1562 -Earl of Warwick captured Le Havre -Tried to exchange it for Calais, disillusioning the Huguenots, calling a truce with the Catholics -Le Havre was surrendered in 1563 after a plague outburst -Peace of Troyes signed in 1564 |
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Council of Trent |
-Founded in 1545, an council of European Catholic clergy to discuss the church's future -Produced a set of hard-line decrees in 1563 -Prevented peaceful compromise with Protestants and the Ottoman Turks -Catholicism was reinvigorated, and France and Spain became bigger religious threats -Some wanted Elizabeth excommunicated, but Phillip II wanted to persuade her back |
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Inflation |
-15th Century inflation roughly 400% –Peaks in 1520s and 1540s –Debasement 1526–27, 1544–51 –Increase of bullion in circulation –Government spending on wars increased –Bad harvests forced prices up –Land sold in the open market in the 1530s –Modern economic historians suggest population growth was a significant cause |
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Population Growth |
–1.5m in 1470 > 2.3m in 1520 > nearly 3m in 1550 > 4m in 1603 –Epidemics were possibly less common in 1540s –Plague in 1551–52, influenza in 1556 + 58 led to slight fall in 1560s –Denser populations suffered more –Good harvests 1537–42 1546–48, population grew –Bad harvest 1549–51 and 1554–56, population dips and epidemics peaked |
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Statute of Artificers, Poor Law Legislation |
–Forced unemployed to take on 7–year apprenticeships in a specific place in 1563 –Justices of Peace enforced the law and could send culprits back to original parishes –Distinction between impotent and idle, but not job –seeking and lazy unemployed –The 1552 attempt to register beggars for a license, and whipped and fined if they begged without it, was ill–thought–out |
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Henry VII + VIII + Edward Poor Law legislation |
–1495, P=stocks, whipping, parish of origin –1531, Impotent could beg with licence P=+fined –1536, Voluntary contributions assisted impotent, children beggars taken from parents to work –1547, Church fund collections and houses built for impotent, 3 days unemployed = vagrant, if convicted of begging, branding and slavery, 3rd offence =death penalty |
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Poor Relief Act |
-1572 -Distinguished 'genuinely poor' and 'idle poor' -Donations to poor relief became compulsory -Parishes appointed overseers to help organise poor relief -Houses of Correction' set up up in 1576 to punish the idle poor -JPs had to buy raw materials for genuine poor |
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1597 Poor Law Act |
-Confirmed compulsory poor contributions -Provided pauper apprenticeships until age 24 -More houses of correction established -Impotent poor given alms houses -Vagrants treated as harshly as before -This act repeated in 1601 with a few minor changes, remaining until the 1800s |
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Elizabeth's Council in the 1580s |
-Many died in quick succession, leaving only 11 in 1597, with the Earl of Leicester dying in 1588 -Elizabeth failed to replace them quickly -No senior noblemen on the council -Refused to let Cecil retire, forcing his son to take on a lot of the work -The Earl of Essex disliked the promotion of Burghley's (Cecil's) son, Robert Cecil |
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Elizabeth's Early Privy Council |
-About 10 members at each meeting -Met with some individually -William Cecil was the central councilor from the very start -He was joined by many other reformers -Many Catholic members were given roles with little political influence -In in the 1570s, Norfolk's execution and Lord Treasurer Winchester's death reduced traditional influence |
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Elizabeth's Late Privy Council |
-Nucleus of Protestants established in 1570s -The promotion of some Catholics -John Guy describes an 'inner ring' of 8 councilors, 6 Protestant and 2 mild Catholics -The council worked well -Despite a lack of trust brought by Mary QoS's execution in 1587 -No one person was given complete control over patronage, reducing factionalism between Cecil and the Earl of Leicester |
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Essex's Rebellion |
-Cecil had squeezed the Earl of Essex's influence in the 1590s, reducing coherence of government -He lost his monopoly on wine imports, failed militarily in Ireland and lost power as a factional leader -Planned a coup against Cecil in 1601 -This represented a growing discontent -Cecil foiled his plans and got him executed |
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Northern Rebellion |
-Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland dishonored, lost control of the North 1569 -Religious motives against Elizabeth -Possible link to conspiracy for Duke of Norfolk to marry Mary QoS -Captured Durham, heard Mass in Cathedral -Marched on but did not capture York -Capture castle in York, but retreated to Scottish border when troops began advancing -Attempt to restart the rebellion in Cumberland in 1670 was quickly suppressed near Carlisle |
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Northern Rebellion's Failure and Results |
-Objective unclear, causing bad organisation -Lack of expected foreign support -Leadership was poor -Lack of support from other equally conservative nobility in the North -Cecil spent time studying maps of Durham -800 hanged, almost all commoners -Council of the North reestablished in 1572 under Earl of Huntington, an outsider with Puritan inclinations to counteract conservatism |
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Ridolfi Plot |
-Ridolfi, Florence merchant, settled in England -Plotted to marry Mary QoS with Norfolk and put her on the throne in 1571 -Cecil gained intelligence through an informer network and torture arrested the leaders -Elizabeth was forced to execute Norfolk by parliament in 1572 -Refused to execute Mary to avoid war with Spain and embarrassingly kept her imprisoned -Spanish ambassador was expelled |
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Throckmorton Plot |
-In 1580 the pope declared anyone who killed Elizabeth to serve God would gain merit -Throckmorton, English Catholic, planned to do this by intermediating between Spanish ambassador and Mary QoS in 1583 -Confessed his plans under torture -Spanish ambassador expelled, risking war with Spain |
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Babington Plot |
-Babington wrote to Mary to plan it in 1586 -Walsingham's secret agents uncovered it -Conspirators executed that year -A commission found Mary guilty afterwards |
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Mary QoS's Arrest |
-She fled to England in 1589, but Elizabeth did not want to attack her Scottish protestant allies -Kept under house arrest for 19 years -She was a potential pawn of Spain and France -Elizabeth refused parliament's and her advisers' demand to execute her after the Ridolfi plot |
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Mary QoS's Execution |
-Walsingham waited for Mary to respond to Babington's letter before arresting him -Commission found her guilty -Elizabeth put off her execution because she was a useful tool against the Guises -She claimed it was her womanly predisposition for mercy over justice -Signed death warrant after parliament asked her twice -The council ordered it without her knowing |
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Spain during Elizabeth's Reign |
-Charles V handed the Netherlands to Phillip -Nobles there were too independent for him -There was a growing number of Calvinists -This developed into civil war in 1566 -Phillip brutally restored order -England was concerned for French and Spanish control over Channel coastline -Antwerp trade was jeopardised |
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North-East Passage |
-English sailors sought a rout to the Far East -Under Mary, attempts were blocked by ice -Trade links with Russia were founded in 1560s, and the Muscovy Company was created -This helped break the Hanseatic League's monopoly in the Baltic |
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North-West Passage |
-In the 1570s, the Frobisher Strait was discovered by sailing North of Canada -It was believed to be a link to China -In the 1580s the Arctic was mapped, but nothing of commercial value was found -This paved the way for the Stuart discovery of Hudson bay |
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Slave Trade |
-1562, John Hawkins sailed to Africa to sell cloth -He captured slaves and sold them in the West Indies, bringing back money and sugar -This was the start of the slave trade -In the 1670s, there were attempts to capture Spanish ships, with mixed success -Drake led a circumnavigation of the globe in 1577-80, denting Spain's reputation |
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Colonisation |
-England was inspired by Spanish and Portuguese conquest -An exploration book stirred interest in 1589 -Humphrey Gilbert failed to establish colonies in north-west America in 1578 -Raleigh was patented to colonise Virginia in 1585 and 1587 but they failed -After the Armada there was only one expedition -The first colonies were not until James I |
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East India Company |
-Lancaster travelled to the East Indies in 1591 -This inspired a group of merchants to create the company in 1600 -The company backed Lancaster who made another trip -This began the development of the company -He returned with goods after Elizabeth's death in 1603, stocked up with goods |
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Late Elizabeth Societal Problems |
-Crop failures in 1594-97 -Estimated that prices rose by 1/3 -Thousands died of plague in 1592-1593 -Parish reports show few marriages or baptisms, suggesting Widespread misery -Poor Laws reflect scale -Privy Council feared a repeat of Kett -Food riots in London (1595) and East Anglia (1596-1597) but only one rebellion -Rumours of merchants hoarding foodstuffs |
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Hugh O'Neill's Rebellion |
-Settlers tried to implement plantation in the 1550s, deteriorating relations -O'Neill gathered 6000 men and defeated the English force at the Battle of Yellow Ford, 1598 -This threatened the plantation policy -Essex disobeyed orders and failed -His replacement gradually wore them down -The Spanish relief force was defeated at Kinsale in 1602, a turning point |
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James I |
-Elizabeth refused to name a successor -She fell seriously ill in February 1603 -She refused food, bed and medical advice -Cecil contacted leading nobles and Lord Lieutenants to ensure a peaceful succession -She allegedly confirmed James as her successor with a hand gesture -James had been sent a proclamation already -Elizabeth died on the 24th March |
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Puritans |
-Dissatisfied with the 1559 settlement -Rejected bishops, vestments and crucifixes -Moderate Puritans reluctantly accepted church structure but pressed for beliefs and practices like European churches -Presbyterians called for thorough reform and simplification of ritual, faith and structure, well established in Scotland already -Separatists broke away to pursue radical reform on a parish-to-parish basis |
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Vestiarian Controversy |
-Archbishop Parker issued a Book of Advertisements in 1566 to ensure clergy followed religious practices -37 London clergymen were suspended for refusing to wear Catholic-esque vestments -Parker was forced to use the Queen's Supremacy as a defence rather than the Bible -Inconclusive, the queen did not want enemies |
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Presbyterianism |
-Thomas Cartwright, Cambridge theologian, gave a series of radical lectures in 1570 -He called for a Presbyterian model with control to individual ministers, community elders, regional committees and a national assembly -These were based on Biblical/Calvinist ideas -Commons debated religious changes in 1571 -John Field proposed reform and denounced the Prayer Book as "Popish" in 1572 |
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Reactions to Presbyterianism |
-MPs and Elizabeth horrified that Cartwright rejected bishops and Supreme Governor -Field was imprisoned for one year after 1572 -Elizabeth ordered Archbishop Grindal to clamp down on Prophesyings in 1576, but he concluded that they were not dangerous -He was put under effective House arrest and Elizabeth commanded Bishops directly |
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John Whitgift |
-Church purged of Presbyterianism in 1580s -Whitgift replaced Grindal as Archbishop, 1583 -He issued Three Articles demanding acceptance of Bishops, the 39 Articles and the Prayer Book -Caused uproar in the south -Prophesying clamped down on -Those proposing a Calvinist Prayer Book in the 1586-87 parliament were imprisoned |
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Separatists |
-Illegal groups possibly began to gather from 1583 as reform was impossible within Anglicanism -Browne lead the Brownist separatist group in Norwich in 1580 -After being imprisoned, he fled to Holland and criticised the CoE's corrupt Catholic traits and lack of moral discipline, promoting separatism |
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Martin Marprelate Tracts |
-Written in 1588-89 as anonymous Separatist attacks on the Church using foul language -Used by Privy Council to stamp out Puritanism, despite Cartwright and others' horror at them -Cartwright forced to confess his knowledge of Prophesying to the Court of High Commission |
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Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity |
-Published by Richard Hooker in 1593 -Described Anglicanism as more than just a convenience -Built on medieval tradition whilst stripping superstitious additions from the papacy -Bishops were conveniences, but not essentials -Ceremonies were for Christian unity -Elizabeth avoided civil wars like those in Europe, but had been quite ruthless |
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Justices of Peace |
-Gentry/Wealthy Families/Merchant Elites -Settle dispute, punished offenders, administrating policy such as the Poor Laws -Elizabeth wanted to appoint more JPs -About 50 per county in 1600 -Accused of ignoring policy and exploiting position for profit against local rivals |
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Lord Lieutenants |
-Responsible for raising local militias under Henry VIII -Additional duties in 2nd half of Elizabeth's reign -They also Supervised JPs, reported events to the Privy Council -Now one for nearly every county |
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Catholic Threat under Elizabeth |
-1567: Pope instructs English Catholics not to attend Anglican services and 10,000 Spanish troops sent to Netherlands -1568: Mary arrives in England and Catholic seminar set up in Netherlands targeting England -1569: Northern Rebellion -1570: Elizabeth excommunicated -1571: Ridolfi Plot -1572: Slaughter of Huguenots in France |
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Elizabeth's Treason Act |
-Followed the Pope's excommunication in 1570 -Made denial of the supremacy and importation of the Pope's order punishable by death -But Elizabeth resisted Protestant MPs' attempts to increase penalties for recusancy or mass attendance |
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1593 Parliament |
-Factionalism meant traditional methods of parliamentary management were failing -Whitgift urged Elizabeth to push for a law against sectaries, which excluded Separatists -The law was passed -Significant MPs such as Raleigh opposed this -The MPs imprisoned in the tower for demanding a named successor |
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Elizabethan Art and Architecture |
-English paintings influenced by Flemish models -Miniature portraits of Elizabeth and other important models were significant -Monastic land returned to nobles gave them the money to have new buildings built -Elizabeth was reluctant to commission new buildings |
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Elizabethan Theatre |
-Elizabeth enjoyed plays, and had her own acting company, the Queen's Players -Shakespeare's popularity grew in the 1690s, and the Globe opened in 1599 -Elizabeth's patronage of theatre counteract the opposition from Puritans -The Privy Council decided to support plays in 1600 -Richard II was performed just before the Essex revolt to try to rouse London against the queen |
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Elizabethan Music and Outdoor activity |
-Tallis and Byrd employed at the Chapel Royal -Elizabeth enjoyed playing instruments and dancing, and £1,500 spend on music each year -The Royal Chapel included 60 instrumentalists -Competed in riding with Robert Dudley, Master of the Horse -Enjoyed hunting and shooting |
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Elizabethan Renaissance |
-Book publication flourished -This was due to increased literacy and dependence of Catholics and Protestants on printed word -New schools enabled families just below privileged classes to benefit -Economic depression sin 1580s and 90s reduced educational opportunities and literaacy -Greek and Roman authors referred to and translated frequently, reflecting humanism |
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Rising Factionalism |
-Dudley became Earl of Leicester in 1564 and wanted to marry the queen, challenging Cecil -The Earl of Sussex returned from Ireland in 1565 as a Privy Councilor, representing old aristocracy -Burghley and Leicester dominated with large followings at court -Raleigh was a favourite in the 1580s |
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Treaty of Nonsuch
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-Dutch protestant rebel leader murdered in 1584, allowing Spain to regain control -Elizabeth feared a Catholic Franco-Spanish that would threaten the channel -Elizabeth signed the treaty with Dutch rebels in 1585, despite not favouring them -Leicester sent with 5,000 troops and 1,000 cavalry in return for two Dutch towns and Elizabeth's title of Protector of the Netherlands |
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Spanish Armada |
-Elizabeth had raided Spanish Caribbean ships -Astrologers had predicted 1588 would bring misfortune and tragedy -Armada set said in May, causing panic -The navy forced the fleet into the south-western winds, enabling long-range guns -Fire-ships stopped refuge on the French coast -Battle of Gravelines in July forced the fleet around the British Isles; under half returned to Spain due to food shortage and bad weather |
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Failure of Spanish Armada |
-England heard of invasion long in advance
-Communication between Dutch and Spanish troops was impossible once at sea -Shallow Dutch ports prevented additional soldiers from being picked up -Phillip's advisers dd not account for south-westerly winds -The Duke of Medina Sidonia was underproduction and incompetent -Phillip counted on Elizabeth surrendering early |
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Anglo-Spanish War |
-Armada defeat had negligible effect -Counter-attack in 1539 to Portugal flopped -Spanish convoy system decreased the success of attacks on bullion ships -Henry IV, a Huguenot, took over French throne in 1589, but was invaded by Netherlands 1590 -Devereux sent to Normandy 1592, but failed -Henry became Catholic, ended civil war -Treaty of Vervins signed betweeb Spain and France in 1598, just before Phillip died |
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Second, Third and Fourth Armadas |
-Raleigh raided Span in 1596, capturing Cadiz and destroying 50 ships, but denied from establishing a permanent base -Phillip became bankrupt -2nd Armada in 1596 set out to invade via Ireland, but was battered by storms -Attempts by Raleigh and Phillip in 1597 both failed because of bad weather -4th Armada landed in Ireland in 1601, and was eventually defeated -War continued until 1604 |
