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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Somerset's Economy |
-Scottish war cost £600,000 -Land sales and borrowing funded it -Continued debasement to fund it -This raised over £500,000, but caused inflation -Bad harvest in 1548 reinforced inflation -New laws passed raising sheep and cloth tax to reduce enclosure -This put large pressure on sheep farmers |
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Battle of Pinkie |
-Somerset aimed to build and garrison forts -16,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 30 warships -Beat Scots in the battle in 1547 -But garrisoning forts difficult and expensive -Could not capture Edinburgh castle nor block Firth of Fort due to Franco-Scottish cooperation |
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Western Rebellion Causes |
-Prayer Book introduction led to ill-focused rebel groups forming in Devon and Cornwall
-Resented removal of images and statues -William Body was killed by a mob -Wanted a ban on English Bibles -Hated sheep tax and insensitive local governments -Gentry were gaining Church lands -Social discontent: population and inflation |
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Western Rebellion Events |
-Rebel groups joined in Crediton in June 1549 -Dispute with landowner prevented advance -Rebels besieged Exeter and brought South-West to a standstill, but no advance on London -Troops were split between Scotland and France -Somerset underestimated the force -Lord Russell finally defeated rebels in August with use of foreign mercenaries |
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Kett's Rebellion Causes |
-Price rises and a bad harvest -People thought government ministers were benefiting from Edward's weakness -Hatred of local government officials and the Howards' maladministration -Gang's emerged to prevent Norfolk Foldcourse system of sheep enclosures -After Kett's property was attacked he agreed to support rebels and end his enclosures |
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Kett's Rebellion Events |
-Kett set up camp in Mousehold and campaigned peaceful against enclosures and for better clergymen and local governments -Kett claimed he could call on 15,000 men -The Earl of Northampton failed to suppress the rebellion, and Somerset was humiliated -The Earl of Warwick eventually defeated Kett in August with 4000 deaths |
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Wyatt's Rebellion Causes |
-Wyatt's hate of Spain and Mary's marriage plans -Edward Courteney was a Yorkist claimant -Protestantism was a factor, but overstated -Decline in Kent cloth industry -Local gentry were angling for more power -Lady Jane Grey's father planned to lead the Leicestershire rebellion |
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Wyatt's Rebellion Events |
-Rebellions planned for Kent, Devon, Leicestershire and the Welsh border -The plans were leaked, and it had to be moved from March to February 1554 to maintain element of surprise -Only Wyatt succeeded, and gathered 3000 men -London bridge closed and he failed to gain support; it collapsed within a week -Wyatt, Grey + husband executed, Liz arrested |
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Duke of Somerset |
-Edward Seymour (Jane Seymour's brother) -Gained titles of Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector after Henry's death -Overrode Henry's will for a Regency Council -Counted on Cranmer, Viscount Lisle and Paget -Appointed supporter as Privy Council chief -Privy council began resenting him |
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Regency Council |
-Henry's will -16 councillors, plus 12 additional assistors -Balanced protestant and Catholic -Did not last long -Cranmer's homily 'On Obedience' in 1547 addressed the problem of obedience to the government, calling disobedience a mortal sin |
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Problems in 1547 |
-Religious division -Money loss through French and Scottish wars -Debasement, inflation and real wages drop -Monastic land was sold at the cost of long-term security |
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Duke of Northumberland |
-Earl of Warwick initially -First coup with Southampton to overthrow Somerset -Second coup against conservatives -Southampton removed and Warwick promoted to Duke, already Lord Chamberlain -Paget was gradually removed from decision making and Cecil became key administrator -Following Somerset's counter-coup and his execution, he became less conciliar |
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Somerset Religious Change |
-Reform faction dominated government -Bishops evenly split about further reform -Relaxation in censorship led to a distribution of Lutheran and Calvinist literature -Exiled protestants returned and clashed with local communities -Images in London denounced by Ridley -Enquiry; commissioners sent to every parish -Services/Bibles in English strengthened |
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Somerset Religious Legislation |
-Parliament meset in 1547 -Largely reinforced events already taking place -1547 Injunctions criticised images; iconoclasm -Treason Act repeated Six Articles Act and heresy, treason and censorship laws -Chantries Act abolished chantries, largely to raise money for the Scottish war |
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First Act of Uniformity and First Prayer Book |
-Act of Uniformity in 1549 -Standardised English worship, communion for the congregation, but priest dress code-Cranmer, alongside Act of Uniformity in 1549 -Ambiguous on doctrinal matters -Eucharist doctrine unclear |
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Northumberland Religious Change |
-Northumberland wanted to support Calvinists in the Privy Council -Bishop Gardiner was imprisoned in the tower -Ridley took over Bishop Bonner's diocese -New reformist bishops were appointed -European trade promoted Protestantism -Some people liked gaining monastic land -Others resented the lack of Holy Days |
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Northumberland Religious Policy |
-In 1552 parliament produced a programme -Treason Act criminalised opposition to the Church's beliefs or Royal Supremacy -1553 instructions replaces altars with communion tables and banned clergy vestments -Commissioners just began removing and gold and silver from churches when Edward died |
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Second Act of Uniformity and Second Prayer Book |
-Second Act Produced by 1552 parliament -Cranmer began adopting more radical beliefs -Absence from church was criminalised and punishable by imprisonment or fines -Prayer Book removed Catholicism from mass -Eucharist became the Last Supper -Significance reduced |
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Humanism under Edward |
-Flowered in Cambridge University and encouraged by William Cecil -Erasmus' writings began being translated into English and published -It began being linked with Protestant doctrine -Gardiner was a conservative humanist however -Richard Cox, protestant and humanist, was a tutor of Edward -Metrical psalms and theological books were published, reflecting new protestant ideas -Hugh Latimer was a 'Commonwealth Man' |
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42 Articles of Religion |
-1553 -Lutheran, Calvinist and influenced by Zwingli -Edward died before it could be implemented -Church hierarchy and dioceses remained |
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Religious Policy under Mary |
-Gave up Supreme Head of Church title (1553) -Ridley and Latimer burned in Oxford (1555) -Bonner's Book of Homilies published (1555) -Commission set up to establish monasteries -Reginald Pole became Archbishop but denied position as legate, charged by Rome of heresy -Gardiner denied protestants of their sees -New Prayer Book and Bibles issued -Nearly 300 executed: 5 in Canterbury (1558) |
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Cramner's Fall |
-Hated for Henry's Divorce, the split from Rome and support for the Grey family -Arrested in 1553 with Latimer and Ridley -Replaced by Pole as Archbishop in 1555 -Recanted all retractions -Burned in Oxford in 1556 |
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Act of Repeals |
-First Act undid Edwardian reformation (1553) -Mass, ritual worship, clerical celibacy reinstated -Back the state under the Six Articles Act -Followed by Royal Injunctions that suppressed heresy, married clergy, and restored Holy Days, ceremonies and English Ordinal clergy -Second Act (1554) undid anti-papal legislation -A return to 1529, but restoration of church lands was too complex |
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London Synod |
-First met under Archbishop Pole in 1555 -Issue Twelve Decrees in 1556 against absenteeism, pluralism, simony and heresy -Some small religious houses were refounded in 1556 |
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Religious Culture under Mary |
-Mary's advisers wanted her to be cautious -Church lands and property was too complex to be restored, despite the Second Act of Repeal -Parliament was used to change doctrine, meaning MPs had more influence over religion -Mary wanted better training and supervision for priests; training schools and observations -Exodus of 800 protestants to Europe (1554) |
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Results of Anglo-Scottish War |
-France gained control of Mary Queen of Scots -Taken to France to marry the Dauphin -French threat of invasion in 1549 -Northumberland called off both wars -Treaty of Bologne in 1550 -Marriage alliance between Edward and princess Elizabeth -Scottish garrisons abandoned to save money -Alliance with France was useful against the counter-reformation and Charles V |
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Franco-Scottish Alliance |
-Scotland was Somerset's priority -He sought to enforce a marriage between Edward and Mary to stabilise relations -Tried to form an alliance with France -But Francis I died in 1547 -Henry II then renewed Franco-Scottish alliance -Henry sent warships 4,000 troops to Scotland -He aimed to build + garrison forts on the border |
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Mary's Marriage to Phillip of Spain |
-Put forward by his father, Charles V, and Simon Renard, Mary's imperial ambassador -Mary sought to maintain Catholicism -Edward Courtney was suggested by Gardiner, but it would risk factional rivalry -Phillip was willing to do his duty -Married in 1554 but saw little of each other after he became king of Spain in 1556 -Named king, but without any official power |
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Reaction to the Spanish Marriage |
-Renard + Mary did not consult the Pricy Council -People feared such a strong Catholic influence -Parliament prevented Phillip's coronation -Phillip was forbidden from bringing foreigners into English government and had no claim to the throne after Mary's death |
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Loss of Calais |
-Phillip pressurised Mary into declaring war on France in 1557, despite the Pope opposing Spain -This undid Northumberland's diplomacy -English and Spanish forces met in France -Defeated France in the Battle of Saint-Quentin -Spain was too financial drained to follow up -France recovered and seized Calais in 1558 -Mary then failed to capture the Port of Brest |
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Mary's Governmental Problems |
-There was a strong protestant minority -She had not been brought up to rule -She and her supporters were inexperienced -She had to rely on some of Edward's councilors -Pole distanced himself from secular issues -She had to rely on Phillip and Renard -80 MPs opposed reversal or religious laws -MPs opposed the return of monastic lands |
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Mary's Government Figures |
-50 councillors appointed, but fewer in practice -Gardiner had served under Henry and was imprisoned under Edward -Failed to support Catherine and distrusted, but his role could not be filled after his death in 1555 -Paget was one of Edward's conservative councillors and a key figure under Mary -Many of Edward's rejects were reappointed |
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Humanism under Edward |
-Edward was tutored by a humanist -Cecil encouraged Erasmian evangelical humanism at Cambridge -Erasmus works distributed to all parishes -Bucer + Melanchthon invited by Cranmer to become theologians at Cambridge -Radical humanism spread by John Hooper to Northumberland, causing clash with Cranmer -Growth of both groups cut off by king's death |
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Religious Thought under Mary |
-Mary + Pole not even Catholic Humanists -The Pope put Erasmus' works on the Index of Prohibited Books and declared him a heretic -Bonner replaced Edward's policies with a Book of Homilies; religious education was promoted -Pole supported Papal Supremacy beyond that of pre-reformation Catholicism -Protestants divided between those willing to use the 1552 Prayer Book and those not -Foxe, a radical, was writing 'Book of Martyrs' |
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Edward's Economic and Social Policy |
-Commission set out to investigate enclosures -Scottish war cost £600,000 -Debasement raised over $500,000 -Debasement was ended under Northumberland -End to Scottish war brought $133,333 -1548-9 laws passed raising sheep + cloth tax -This was mainly to fund the Scottish war -Church plate confiscated in 1553 -A commission made plans to improve royal financial administration |
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Religious Culture under Edward |
-Churchwarden's accounts suggest giving and expenditure on church goods declined after 1540 -Threat on church treasures made people less keen on donating or leaving money in wills -Parishes often sold or hid treasures -Church attendance declined in Exeter -A decline in candidates for ordination -People were increasingly uninspired by church |
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Population Growth |
–1.5m in 1470 > 2.3m in 1520 > nearly 3m in 1550 > 4m in 1603 –Epidemics were possibly less common in 1540s –Plague in 1551–52, influenza in 1556 + 58 led to slight fall in 1560s –Denser populations suffered more –Good harvests 1537–42 1546–48, population grew –Bad harvest 1549–51 and 1554–56, population dips and epidemics peaked |
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Henry VII + VIII + Edward Poor Law legislation |
–1495, P=stocks, whipping, parish of origin –1531, Impotent could beg with licence P=+fined –1536, Voluntary contributions assisted impotent, children beggars taken from parents to work –1547, Church fund collections and houses built for impotent, 3 days unemployed = vagrant, if convicted of begging, branding and slavery, 3rd offence =death penalty |
