Ttuhsc Neuro Exam 3 Fowler (3) Higher Control

Front 1

vestibular nuclear complex mediates ___ movement

Integration Center?

Back 1

integration of vestibular input to maintain balance and posture

Integration Center? vestibular complex

Front 2

reticular formation mediates ___ movement

Integration Center?
Sensory Input?

Back 2

integration of proprioceptive input to maintain balance and posture

Integration Center? pontine and medullary reticular formation

Sensory Input? proprioceptors

Front 3

red nucleus & ____ mediates ___ movement

Back 3

red nucleus & LATERAL CST
movement of the arms

Front 4

superior colliculus contains ___ that mediates movement of ____

Sensory input?

Back 4

superior colliculus contains??
UMNs

that mediate movement of??

involuntary orientation of the head and eyes to visual and auditory stimuli

Sensory input? Eyes & Ears

Front 5

rubrospinal = ?

Back 5

red nucleus

Front 6

network of circuits located in the
core of the brainstem that extends from the rostral midbrain to the caudal
medulla

Back 6

reticular formation

Front 7

Name 2 Cortical Motor Pathways

& general pathway function

Back 7

lateral corticospinal
ventral corticospinal

control of voluntary movements and anticipatory postural changes

Front 8

Name 3 Ventromedial brainstem pathways

& general pathway function

Back 8

reticulospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal

control of posture and balance of head, neck and trunk through projections to proximal and axial musculature

Front 9

1 Dorsolateral brainstem pathway

& general pathway function

Back 9

rubrospinal (red nucleus)

flexion-biased control of distal upper limb segments (e.g., elbow, wrist)

Front 10

trace: ventromedial brainstem pathways

Back 10

arising from the brainstem reticular formation, superior colliculus, and vestibular complex

terminate bilaterally in the ventromedial part of the intermediate zone (IZ) in spinal section

some direct projections to motoneurons supplying trunk and girdle muscles

receive significant cortical projections

Front 11

trace: doroslateral brainstem/

rubrospinal

Back 11

arising from the red nucleus

terminate contralaterally in the dorsolateral region of the IZ

some projections to the lateral group of motor nuclei innervating the arm and hand

receive significant cortical projections

Front 12

trace corticospinal projections (2 possibilities)

Back 12

Some parallel the ventromedial fibers, and also terminate bilaterally in the ventromedial IZ

Majority parallel dorsolateral brainstem / rubrospinal. terminate contralaterally in the dorsolateral IZ (red area) and directly on motoneurons innervating the arm and hand

Front 13

Ventromedial brainstem tracts

Back 13

Tectospinal (or colliculospinal)

Vestibulospinal
lateral
medial

Reticulospinal
pontine (medial)
medullary (lateral)

Front 14

involved in arousal state, autonomic function, pain regulation, and postural control

Back 14

reticular formation

Front 15

superior colliculus only receives ___ inputs in its superficial layers

deeper layers receive also ___ and somatosensory inputs

Back 15

superior colliculus only receives VISUAL inputs in its superficial layers

deeper layers receive also AUDITORY and somatosensory inputs

Front 16

tract which maintains equilibrium

Back 16

lateral vestibulospinal

Front 17

controls saccadic eye movements

Back 17

vestibuloocular

Front 18

causes dizziness when stimulated

Back 18

ascending vestibulocortical tract

Front 19

Terminations of descending ventromedial motor brainstem tracts.

Back 19

In general, terminate on interneurons of lamina VII (intermediate zone),
lamina VIII (motor interneurons) and on dendrites of motor neurons whose soma reside in lamina IX.

Front 20

in humans, the major output of red nucleus

Back 20

inferior olive

Front 21

Trace the path of Rubrospinal

Back 21

Originates in Red Nucleus

Crosses over in midbrain

descends in lateral brainstem tegmentum.

in spinal cord: travels through lateral funiculus parallel to lateral CST

Front 22

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Excites proximal arm flexors

Back 22

Rubrospinal

Front 23

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Inhibits upper proximal arm extensors (flexor-bias)

Back 23

Rubrospinal

Front 24

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Orienting movements of head and eyes

Back 24

Tectospinal (colliculospinal)

Front 25

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Reflex control of neck muscles

Back 25

Medial vestibulospinal

Front 26

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Excites extensors & inhibits flexors

Back 26

Lateral vestibulospinal
Pontine reticulospinal

Front 27

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Increases muscle tone of axial and proximal muscle

Back 27

Lateral vestibulospinal
Pontine reticulospinal

Front 28

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Inhibits extensors & excites flexors

Back 28

Medullary reticulospinal

Front 29

Clinically relevant functions of descending motor brainstem tracts.

Decreases muscle tone of axial and proximal muscle

Back 29

Medullary reticulospinal

Front 30

Strokes involving the middle cerebral
artery spare the ____ aspect of
the face because the relevant upper
motor neurons are in the cingulum,
which is supplied by the ???.

Back 30

Strokes involving the MCA spare the SUPERIOR aspect of
the face because the relevant upper
motor neurons are in the cingulum,
which is supplied by the ACA

Front 31

components of this upper motor neuron pathway that innervate
cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, and the red nucleus

Back 31

CORTICOBULBAR

components of this upper motor neuron pathway that innervate
cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, and the red nucleus

Front 32

Motor Tract involving:
Neck
Eyes
Nose
Face
Lips
Jaw
Tongue
Throat

Back 32

Corticobulbar

Front 33

Trace Corticobulbar tract:

Back 33

1)Pyramidal Cells of cortical layer V (Betz Cells)
>> UMN of primary motor cortex

2) Internal Capsule
3) Brainstem (exit according to what is innervated)

Front 34

Corticobulbar tract similar to which tract??

Back 34

corticospinal tract

Front 35

Trace corticospinal tract:

Back 35

1)Pyramidal Cells of cortical layer V (Betz Cells)
>> UMN of primary motor cortex

2) Internal Capsule

3) Cerebral peduncles (base of midbrain)

(Red nucleus or Reticular Formation)

4)Most fibers decussate at caudal medulla >> lateral corticospinal

5) Some fibers continue ipsilaterally, decussating in anterior white commisure of spinal cord, making up the ventral corticospinal tract (axial and proximal)