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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subduction
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The forming of volcanoes by two tectonic plates ramming into each other and creating friction. 1) Friction leads to heat 2) heat re-melts solid matter 3) Magma tries to rise, seeps into crusts and starts volcano.
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Evolution and Adaption in the Mountains
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Mountainous topography isolates many animals (divergent evolution), also high % of endemism.
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Tropical alpine grassland
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alpine = above treeline. Harsh physical conditions: 1) high elevation 2) low temperatures 3) dry, strong winds
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Convergent evolution in plants
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Tropical alpine grassland biome stresses certain specializations. 1) plants hugging ground or bunching each other to protect against cold + wind. 2) hairy or leathery leaves.
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Puyas and Convergent evolution
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In Andes, a huge lily plant w/ leathery leaves. Giant lobelia (completely different family) that looks like the puya in Andes and live elsewhere. Silver sword in Hawaii looks like puya also.
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Isolation in tropical mountains...
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Leads to high endemism - 60% in Andes.
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Bunch grasses and leathery leaves
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form hugging groups to go against cold and wind. Leathery leaves retain more water in face of high winds.
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cyanobacteria
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Basis of tropical food web chain. They are bacteria that fix nitrogen out of the air and turn it into nitrate (for photosyntheisis). They are colonial.
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Upwelling
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wind driven motion of dense, cooler, and nutrient-rich water towards ocean surface, replacing the warm depleted water. Attracts lots of phytoplankton. Increasing primary productivity for fisheries.
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trawling
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Industrialized fishing - Net that is dragged across the ocean floor in order to capture shrimp/fish.
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Richest fisheries are along west side of continents, why?
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Because of easterly trade winds.
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Why is there more production on continental shelves than in the open ocean?
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Because its near coasts and rivers that bring nutrients.
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Why is productivity of fish declining globally?
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1) physical damage to fish nurseries. 2) overfishing
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