Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Ch16

Front 1

clinical psychologist

Back 1

A psychologist who delivers services in a health care setting such as a hospital or mental health facility (p. 641)

Front 2

scientist–practitioner model

Back 2

The model whereby psychology students are taught the science of psychology and later trained as applied psychologists (p. 641)

Front 3

multidisciplinary team

Back 3

Professionals drawn together from a range of specialities to carry out required tasks in a health facility (p. 641)

Front 4

insight

Back 4

In learning theory, the ability to perceive a connection between a problem and its solution; in psychodynamic treatments, the understanding of one's own psychological processes (pp. 235, 643)

Front 5

therapeutic alliance

Back 5

The patient's degree of comfort with the therapist, which allows him or her to speak about emotionally significant experiences (p. 643)

Front 6

free association

Back 6

The therapeutic technique for exploring associational networks and unconscious processes involved in symptom formation (p. 643)

Front 7

interpretation

Back 7

A therapeutic technique whereby the therapist helps the patient understand his or her experiences in a new light (p. 644)

Front 8

resistance

Back 8

Barriers to psychotherapy created by the patient in an effort to reduce anxiety (p. 644)

Front 9

transference

Back 9

The phenomenon in which the patient displaces thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes and conflicts from past relationships, especially childhood relationships, onto the therapist (p. 644)

Front 10

psychoanalysis

Back 10

An intensive therapeutic process in which the patient meets with the therapist three to five times a week, lies on a couch, and uses free association, interpretation and transference (p. 645)

Front 11

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Back 11

A form of psychotherapy based on psychodynamic principles, in which the patient meets the therapist somewhat less frequently than in psychoanalysis and sits face to face with the therapist (p. 645)

Front 12

cognitive–behavioural

Back 12

Approach in clinical psychology in which practitioners integrate an understanding of classical and operant conditioning with a cognitive–social perspective (pp. 596, 646)

Front 13

behavioural analysis

Back 13

In cognitive–behavioural therapy, the process of assessing the symptom and the stimuli or thoughts associated with it (p. 647)

Front 14

systematic desensitisation

Back 14

A cognitive–behavioural procedure in which the patient is induced to approach feared stimuli gradually, in a state that inhibits anxiety (p. 647)

Front 15

exposure techniques

Back 15

Behaviour therapy techniques based on classical conditioning in which the patient is confronted with the actual phobic stimulus (p. 648)

Front 16

flooding

Back 16

Cognitive–behavioural technique designed to eliminate phobias, in which the patient confronts the real phobic stimulus all at once (p. 648)

Front 17

graded exposure

Back 17

A modified version of the behaviourist flooding technique for treating anxiety, in which stimuli are real but are presented to the patient in a gradual manner (p. 648)

Front 18

virtual reality exposure therapy

Back 18

A treatment for phobias in which virtual images of the feared stimulus are shown, as opposed to the actual stimulus (p. 649)

Front 19

response prevention

Back 19

Preventing the patient from producing responses that allow avoidance of the feared stimulus (p. 649)

Front 20

participatory modelling

Back 20

A cognitive–behavioural technique in which the therapist models desired behaviour and gradually induces the patient to participate in it (p. 650)

Front 21

skills training

Back 21

A technique that involves teaching behaviours or procedures for accomplishing specific goals (p. 650)

Front 22

social skills training

Back 22

A cognitive–behavioural technique that involves instruction and modelling, and was designed to help people develop interpersonal competence (p. 650)

Front 23

cognitive therapy

Back 23

A psychological treatment that focuses on the thought processes that underlie psychological symptoms (p. 651)

Front 24

automatic thoughts

Back 24

The things people say spontaneously to themselves, which can lead to irrational feelings and behaviours (p. 651)

Front 25

ABC theory of psychopathology

Back 25

Albert Ellis’ theory of psychopathology, in which A refers to activating conditions, B to belief systems and C to emotional consequences (p. 651)

Front 26

rational–emotive behaviour therapy

Back 26

A psychological treatment in which the therapist helps uncover and alter the illogical thoughts that provoke psychological distress (p. 651)

Front 27

humanistic therapies

Back 27

Psychological treatments that focus on the patient's conscious or lived experience and on the way each person uniquely experiences relationships and the world (p. 652)

Front 28

Gestalt therapy

Back 28

A psychological treatment based on the assumption that psychological distress results from losing touch with one's emotions and one's authentic inner voice, and that focusing on the ‘here and now’ is curative (p. 652)

Front 29

empty-chair technique

Back 29

A technique associated with Gestalt therapy, in which clients practise emotional expression by imagining that the person to whom they would like to speak is seated in an empty chair (p. 652)

Front 30

client-centred therapy

Back 30

A therapeutic approach developed by Carl Rogers, based on the assumption that psychological difficulties result from incongruence between one's concept of self and one's actual experience, and that empathy is curative (p. 653)

Front 31

unconditional positive regard

Back 31

An attitude of total acceptance expressed by the therapist towards the client in client-centred therapy (p. 653)

Front 32

group therapy

Back 32

A treatment method in which multiple people meet together to work towards therapeutic goals (p. 653)

Front 33

group process

Back 33

The interactions among members of a group (p. 654)

Front 34

self-help groups

Back 34

Groups that are leaderless or guided by a non-professional, in which members assist each other in coping with a specific problem, as in Alcoholics Anonymous (p. 654)

Front 35

family therapy

Back 35

A psychological treatment that attempts to change maladaptive interaction patterns among members of a family (p. 654)

Front 36

genogram

Back 36

A map of a family over three or four generations, drawn by a therapist to explore possible similarities between current difficulties and the family's past (p. 655)

Front 37

marital therapy

Back 37

Psychotherapy that treats a couple; also called couples therapy (p. 655)

Front 38

negative reciprocity

Back 38

The tendency of members of a couple to respond to negative comments or actions by their partner with negative behaviours in return (p. 655)

Front 39

psychotropic medications

Back 39

Drugs that act on the brain to affect mental processes (p. 657)

Front 40

Psychosis medication

Back 40

Antipsychotics-eg chlorpromazine

Front 41

Depression Medication

Back 41

Tricyclic antidepressants-eg nortryptaline

Front 42

Depression Medication

Back 42

MAO inhibitors

Front 43

Depression Medication

Back 43

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-fluo

Front 44

Mania

Back 44

Mood stabilisers-Lithium (Lithicarb)

Front 45

Anxiety

Back 45

Anxiolitics-Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)

Front 46

Anxiety

Back 46

Antidepressants-Fluoxetene (prozac)

Front 47

antipsychotic medications

Back 47

Medications used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic states, which have sedating effects and reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions (p. 659)

Front 48

tardive dyskinesia

Back 48

A serious, unpredictable, irreversible side effect of prolonged use of antipsychotic medications, in which a patient develops involuntary or semivoluntary twitching, usually of the tongue, face and neck (p. 659)

Front 49

antidepressant medications

Back 49

Biological treatment of depression that increases the amount of norepinephrine and/or serotonin available in synapses (p. 660)

Front 50

tricyclic antidepressant

Back 50

A class of medications for depression that compensates for depleted neurotransmitters (p. 660)

Front 51

MAO inhibitors

Back 51

Antidepressant medication that keeps the chemical MAO from breaking down neurotransmitter substances in the presynaptic neuron, which makes more neurotransmitter available for release into the synapse (p. 660)

Front 52

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Back 52

A class of antidepressant medications, including Prozac, that blocks the presynaptic membrane from taking back serotonin, and hence leaves it acting longer in the synapse (p. 660)

Front 53

lithium

Back 53

The drug treatment of choice for bipolar disorder (p. 661)

Front 54

benzodiazepines

Back 54

Antianxiety medications that indirectly affect the action of norepinephrine (p. 662)

Front 55

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 55

A last-resort treatment for severe depression, in which an electric shock to the brain is used to induce a seizure (p. 662)

Front 56

psychosurgery

Back 56

Brain surgery to reduce psychological symptoms (p. 663)

Front 57

Psychodynamic Therapy

Back 57

Attempts to change personality patterns through insight (using free association and interpretation) and the therapist–patient relationship (analysis of transference)

Front 58

Psychoanalysis Therapy

Back 58

Intensive therapy, three to five times per week, in which the patient lies on a couch and talks about whatever comes to mind, using free association

Front 59

Psychodynamic psychotherapy Therapy

Back 59

Moderately intensive therapy, one to three times per week, in which the patient discusses issues that come to mind while sitting face-to-face with the therapist

Front 60

Cognitive–behavioural Therapy

Back 60

Attempts to change problematic behaviours and cognitive processes

Front 61

Systematic desensitisation Therapy

Back 61

Classical conditioning technique in which the therapist induces relaxation and encourages the patient to approach a phobic stimulus gradually in imagination

Front 62

Exposure techniques Therapy

Back 62

Classical conditioning technique in which the therapist exposes the patient to the feared object in real life, either all at once (flooding) or gradually (graded exposure)

Front 63

Operant techniques Therapy

Back 63

Therapeutic approach in which the therapist induces change by altering patterns of reinforcement and punishment

Front 64

Participatory modelling Therapy

Back 64

Cognitive–social technique in which the therapist models behaviour and encourages the patient to participate in it

Front 65

Skills training Therapy

Back 65

Cognitive–social technique in which the therapist teaches behaviours necessary to accomplish goals, as in social skills or assertiveness training

Front 66

Cognitive therapy

Back 66

Therapeutic approach aimed at altering problematic thought patterns that underlie dysfunctional feelings and behaviour

Front 67

Humanistic Therapy

Back 67

Attempts to restore a sense of genuineness and attunement with inner feelings

Front 68

Gestalt therapy

Back 68

Focuses on the ‘here and now’ and brings out disavowed feelings

Front 69

client-centred therapy

Back 69

Uses empathy and unconditional positive regard to help patients experience themselves as they really are

Front 70

Family and marital Therapy

Back 70

Attempts to change problematic family or marital patterns, such as communication patterns, boundaries and alliances

Front 71

Group Therapy

Back 71

ttempts to use the group process and group interaction to help people change problematic patterns, either with the help of a therapist or through self-help

Front 72

Biological Therapy

Back 72

Attempts to change problematic brain physiology responsible for psychological symptoms

Front 73

meta-analysis

Back 73

A statistical technique that allows researchers to combine findings from various studies and make comparisons between the effects of treatment and no treatment (p. 666)

Front 74

common factors

Back 74

Shared elements in psychotherapies that produce positive outcomes (p. 667)

Front 75

efficacy studies

Back 75

Studies that assess psychotherapy outcome under highly controlled conditions, such as random assignment of patients to different treatment or control groups, careful training of therapists to adhere to a manual, and standardised length of treatment (p. 669)

Front 76

effectiveness studies

Back 76

Studies that assess the outcome of psychotherapy as it is practised in the field rather than in the laboratory (p. 669)

Front 77

psychotherapy integration

Back 77

The use of theory or technique from multiple theoretical perspectives (p. 669)

Front 78

eclectic psychotherapy

Back 78

Psychotherapy in which psychologists combine techniques from different approaches to fit the particular case (p. 669)

Front 79

integrative psychotherapy

Back 79

Psychotherapy that uses an approach developed from theories that cut across theoretical lines (p. 669)