[Treatment, Intervention, Prevention, & Supervision] (14%) #1

Front 1

What is counterconditioning?

Back 1

It is based on reciprocal inhibition which says 2 incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time.

Front 2

What is aversive conditioning?

Back 2

Positive punishment. Give a strong negative punishment to override a pleasurable behavior. Use with smoking, paraphilia

Front 3

Is aversive conditioning effective?

Back 3

In the short term, but long term effects are insignificant

Front 4

What is systematic desensitization?

Back 4

Gradually expose the patient to more and more of a stimulus while having the patient simultaneously implement relaxation techniques previously learned.

Front 5

What is sensate focus? Who developed the concept?

Back 5

Increase pleasure with massage and decrease anxiety with removal of the goal of intercourse. Sexual arousal acts as a counterconditioning response to performance anxiety. Masters and Johnson

Front 6

How is Assertiveness training considered counter conditioning?

Back 6

Use assertive response as counterconditioning response to anxiety.

Front 7

What is classical extinction and flooding?

Back 7

Involves presenting the CS without the US either over several trials or for an extended period of time to the point where the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the CR.

Front 8

For whom is flooding more effective?

Back 8

agoraphobia, OCD, specific phobias. Flooding with response prevention is more effective than systematic desensitization.

Front 9

What is implosive therapy by Stampfl?

Back 9

Combo of classical extinction in imagination and interpretation of psychosexual themes.

Front 10

Primary reinforcement is different from secondary reinforcement how?

Back 10

Primary reinforcement involves using reinforcers for everyone at all ages and in all cultures.
Secondary reinforcement involves using reinforcers that acquire value through experience or training (i.e., praise).

Front 11

What is generalized conditioned response?

Back 11

Using a reinforcer that can give access to other reinforcers ($$, tokens).

Front 12

What is the Premack Principle?

Back 12

Use a high frequency behavior to reinforce a low frequency behavior. E.g., tell a child they can't watch TV until they clean their rooms.

Front 13

What is the difference between Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviors, Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviors, and Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behaviors?

Back 13

Nothing, they all involve combining extinction with reinforcement.

Front 14

T/F... Positive punishment eliminates behavior.

Back 14

False.. Positive punishment suppresses behavior. It does not eliminate it.

Front 15

What is escape learning?

Back 15

Negative reinforcement. Take away an aversive stimuli when a desired behavior is emitted.

Front 16

What is avoidance learning?

Back 16

Avoid the aversive stimuli by emitting a desired behavior 1st. Ex. pay our bills on time to prevent paying an extra fee or d/c of service.

Front 17

A mother made her kid clean her bedroom and his own bedroom after the child failed to clean his bedroom by a particular deadline. What is this called?

Back 17

Overcorrection

Front 18

There are three types of modeling in Social Learning Theory - Symbolic, Live In-vivo, and Participant... what are they?

Back 18

Symbolic modeling - observing a model on a film
Live In-Vivo - observing a model in real life.
Participant modeling- model guides the person (this is very effective for kids with phobias)

Front 19

What is the "dialectical" in Linehan's DBT?

Back 19

The need for simultaneous "acceptance" and "change."

Front 20

What are the 4 conditions pts receiving DBT need to agree to?

Back 20

1. Work in tx for specific period and attend all sessions.
2. Decrease suicidal behavior
3. Work on tx interfering behaviors.
4. Attend skills training

Front 21

What skills are taught in skills training of DBT?

Back 21

Mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion modulation, and distress tolerance

Front 22

What is the ABC model of Ellis' RET?

Back 22

A= activating event
B = Belief
C = consequence

Front 23

What are the major components of RET?

Back 23

Direct instruction, persuasion, logical disputes. Convince pt of irrationality. The goal is change of philosophical system to effect emotion and behavior.

Front 24

What is the DEF in RET?

Back 24

Treatment focus:
D = disputing intervention
E = adopt effective philosophy
F = new feelings

Front 25

What is the crux of Beck's Cognitive Therapy?

Back 25

Hypothesis testing as a means of changing beliefs. ID negative cognitions, develop alternative and flexible schemas and rehearse new cognitions and behavior responses.

Front 26

What is the Depression Triad according to Beck?

Back 26

1. Negative view of self
2. Negative view of the world
3. Negative view of the future

Front 27

What are some techniques used by Beck?

Back 27

HW, Socratic questioning, thought logs, activity schedule, mastery of tasks to build confidence, and experiments that challenge assumptions

Front 28

Meichendbaum's Cognitive Behavioral Modification therapy involves mainly two interventions... what are they?

Back 28

Self-instructional therapy - set of procedures combining modeling and graduated practice. 5 steps.
Stress inoculation - inoculate a person with milder stressors to increase repertoire of coping when faced with severe stressors.

Front 29

What are the five steps of self instructional therapy?

Back 29

1. Therapist models task and verbalizes steps out loud.
2. Therapist verbalizes steps while patient performs task.
3. Patient verbalizes the steps whil performing the task.
4. Patient mouths the steps while performing task.
5. Patient silently performs task.

Front 30

What are the three phases of stress inoculation?

Back 30

1. Education and cognitive prep.
2. Coping skills acquisition
3. Application of skills in imagination or in-vivo.

Front 31

What is the basic concept of Rehm's Self Control Model of Depression?

Back 31

Depression and its concomitant low rate of behavior is the result of low self-evals, lack of self-reinforcement, and high rates of self-punishment. Reinforcement can be self-generated.

Front 32

What is Marlatt's Relapse Prevention model of substance abuse?

Back 32

Addiction is an overlearned habit. Relapses are inevitable experiences.

Front 33

According to Marlatt, what is the most common relapse triggers?

Back 33

Negative emotional state. In treatment the goal is to develop other ways to cope.

Front 34

Briefly describe the key features of the Id, Ego, and Superego?

Back 34

ID - seat of reflexes, instincts and pleasure principle.
EGO - reality principle, executive control. Functions to satisfy ID impulses by using means that are acceptable to the Superego.
Superego - Conscience, moral code. Internalized parental and societal standards.

Front 35

What are the primary and secondary processes of mental function?

Back 35

Primary - dreams, hallucinations and other urgent attempts at tention reduction.
Secondary - thinking, speaking, etc. Ways to meet demands of reality by delaying gratification

Front 36

When does neurotic anxiety occur?

Back 36

When the urges of the id become too strong to be controlled by the ego and these impulses edge their way into consciousness, so the ego resorts to ego defense mechanisms.

Front 37

What is repression and regression?

Back 37

Repression - force disturbing impulses from consciousness (underlies all defense mech's)
Regression - retreat to behaviors of an earlier, less demanding safer stage.

Front 38

What are projection and displacement?

Back 38

Projection - seeing one's unconscious urges in other's behavior.
Displacement - transference of emotion from original object to some substitute.

Front 39

What are reaction formation and intellectualization?

Back 39

Rxn formation - behave in the opposite way from what one feels.
Intellectualization - distance self from emotins

Front 40

What is rationalization and sublimation?

Back 40

Rationalization - come up with self-satisfying yet incorrect reason for behavior
Sublimation - d/c energy from unconscious forbidden desire in socially acceptable way (healthy).

Front 41

What is the goal in psychoanalytic tx?

Back 41

Make the unconscious, conscious by bringing to light the id impulses and the efforts to repress those impulses with defense mech's.

Front 42

Techniques of psychoanalytic tx include free associaiton, dream analysis, and transference/countertransference analysis. What are 4 steps of free association?

Back 42

1. Clarification
2. Confrontation
3. Interpretation
4. Working through

Front 43

How are transference and countertransference helpful?

Back 43

Transference is viewed as resistance and countertransference is seen as a way to get to the transference.

Front 44

Hartman was said to be the "father of Ego Psychology". What is ego psychology?

Back 44

People are driven by thinking and feeling and ego and id are parallel to each other rather than ego arising from id.

Front 45

Hartman also coined the term "conflict free sphere" for what?

Back 45

Those ego functions that occur outside of conflict like learning, perception, locomotion.

Front 46

Who said the ego has inherent ability to reconcile drive conficts with demands of reality. this person also started to use psychoanalytic therapy with kids.

Back 46

Anna Freud

Front 47

Who said development occurs in response to social crises. He also said the ego matures in epigenetic sequence, which means what?

Back 47

Erikson. The structure and sequence of development is genetic however the environment must provide specific stimulation.

Front 48

Did Erikson believe in the id, ego, and superego?

Back 48

Yes. He said human behavior was an interaction b/n ego, superego, and social world.

Front 49

Melanie Klein talked about "splitting" - what is this?

Back 49

When good and bad objects are experienced and love and aggression are split b/n them.

Front 50

DW Winnicott described the transitional object, which is what?

Back 50

A link b/n developing kids and mom (e.g., doll, blanket)

Front 51

Margaret Mahler described the process of separation and individuation... what are the 6 stages?

Back 51

1. 1st mo "Infantile Autism" - baby is unaware of outside world.
2. Symbiosis (2-4 mos) - baby feels she/he and mom are one.
3. Differentiation (5-10 mos) - child can distinguish b/n self and other objects.
4. Practicing (10-16 mos) - child discovers he/she has th eability to separate physically from mom (separation anxiety begins)
5. Rapprochement(16-24 mos) - increased need for mom to share the child's new skills and experiences.
6. Object constancy (2-3 years)

Front 52

What is separation and individuation?

Back 52

Separation - process of becoming a discrete physical entity with physical distance.
Individuation - the process of becoming a functioning person, which involves maturation of independent ego functions.

Front 53

Who developed "self-psychology" and what is the basic premise?

Back 53

Kohut. Focus on development of self that grows in interactions b/n infant and caregiver. Primitive narcissism.

Front 54

Sullivan, Horney, and Fromm are all Neo-Freudians... what does that mean?

Back 54

Focus on the impact of social and cultural factors in determining personality. Pathology results from faulty learning and involves a characterological maladaptive style of interacting with environment.

Front 55

Sullivan said that personality only exists in an emotional exchange b/n people. He described 3 modes...what are they?

Back 55

1. prototaxic (birth - 7mos.)- a stream of unrelated sensory experiences.
2. parataxic (8-11mos) - sequential sensations and the dominance of temporal sequence serves as the only conception of causality.
3. Syntaxic (12 mos-2yrs) - causal sensation, logical and analytical thinking and ability to predict cause from knowledge of their efforts.

Front 56

Horney described 3 neurotic trends that arise from basic anxiety. These trends are an effort to move toward safety, familiarity, and security.

Back 56

1. move compliantly to others.
2. move aggressively against others.
3. move detachedly aware from others.

Front 57

Who said the "being" mode is more healthy than the "having" mode and that freedom is frightening?

Back 57

Erich Fromm

Front 58

Who theorized that people strive for superiority and competence. This person also believed that people are motivated by social urges.

Back 58

Adler

Front 59

What did Adler say motivates mastery or neurosis?

Back 59

Feelings of inferiority that every child has.

Front 60

What did Adler mean by "Lifestyle?"

Back 60

The set of attitudes, aspirations/goals, and behaviors that people form in an effort to overcome feelings of inferiority.

Front 61

What is meant by "teleological view?"

Back 61

Behavior is influenced most by future goals.

Front 62

According to Jung, what is the psyche?

Back 62

conscious ego ples personal unconcsious, plus collective unconscious

Front 63

According to Jung, what is neurosis?

Back 63

The struggle of people to free themselves from interference of the archetypes with progress to personality integration and fulfillment of potential. Striving for psychological maturity (i.e., individuation)

Front 64

What did Jung say about transference?

Back 64

It is the projection of personal and/or collective unconscious.

Front 65

Humanists are said to have a phenomenological approach, which means what?

Back 65

Therapist's goal is to enter the patient's subjective world.

Front 66

T/F, Humanists believe that people naturally move in the direction of actualization or growth.

Back 66

True

Front 67

According to Rogers, what causes pathology?

Back 67

Incongruence b/n true self and the self displayed.

Front 68

What three qualities do therapists need to exhibit for therapy to promote growth?

Back 68

Empathy, warmth (unconditional positive regard), and genuineness

Front 69

What is the Gestalt focus of treatment (Perls)?

Back 69

Increase self-awareness of whole personality by discovering aspects of blocked from awareness so that they can achieve integration (wholeness).

Front 70

How are the resistances conceptualized?

Back 70

These resistances are ways that people reduce contact with the environment/others. Boundary disturbances. They aid in blocking awareness.

Front 71

What are introjection and projection>?

Back 71

Introjection: take info in whole.
Projection: project feelings on others.

Front 72

What are retroflection and confluence?

Back 72

Retroflection: turn back on self what they would like to do to others.
Confluence: lack of differentiation b/n self and other

Front 73

What are two key features of Glasser's Reality Therapy?

Back 73

Responsibility and "Control theory" meaning we create an inner world that satisfies our needs, which does not necessarily reflect the real world.

Front 74

What is the goal of Reality Therapy treatment?

Back 74

Help the person perceive the consequences of possible courses of action and decide on realistic solutions or goals.

Front 75

What is meant by "transactions" in Berne's Transactional Analysis?

Back 75

They are the interactions b/n 2 people's ego states (parent, child, adult). They can be overt (social) or covert (underlying message).

Front 76

What are the "games" and "strokes" of Transactional Analysis?

Back 76

Games: orderly series of ulterior transactions.
Strokes: recognition of another person. Can be + or -

Front 77

What are the "life scripts" and the "injunctions" in TA.

Back 77

Lifescripts: patterns that developed and dictate one's life.
Injunctions: messages given to the child be parents out of their own pain that tells the child what they need to do to get recognized.

Front 78

What can hypnosis be used to treat? What is it not recommended for?

Back 78

Chronic pain, asthma, substance use, and conversion d/o's. Paranoids and OCD's are not good candidates.

Front 79

What kind of memories does hypnosis bring up?

Back 79

A higher proportion of false memories than true memories.

Front 80

What is a key feature of Ericksonian hypnotherapy?

Back 80

It involves techniques that rely on psycholinguistic nuances as well as relaxation and focus during trance.

Front 81

What are the 4 types of biofeedback and what is each one good for?

Back 81

Thermal biofeedback: measures peripheral skin temp - Migrain HA's and Reynaud's dz.
Electromyography (EMG): measures surface muscle tension (used with tension HA's, TMJ, and back pain).
Electroencephalography (EEG): measures brain waves (used with hyperactivity, sz d/o
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR): measures skin conductance (sweat: used with GAD, HTN)

Front 82

What are some key features of Feminist Therapy?

Back 82

Promotes independence and autonomy. They view sexism as the underlying cause of problems - don't focus on pathology (humanists are like this too). They strive for egalitarian relationship and make self-disclosing statements (so do Yalom grp therapists). They also advocate for socio-political change.

Front 83

What are the 5 personality traits outlined by Costa and McCrae's Big 5 Model?

Back 83

Oppenness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Front 84

What are the two deviant marital relations as defined by Lidz's Psychodynamic Family therapy?

Back 84

1. Marital schism - severe, chronic discord and disequilibrium.
2. Marital skew - the relationship is skewed to meeting the needs of one member at the expense of the other.
In both types, there is a failure to develop a reciprocally rewarding parental coalition.

Front 85

What is role reciprocity?

Back 85

Common understanding and acceptance of each other's roles, goals, and values.

Front 86

What is key concept in Psychodynamic Family Therapy?

Back 86

Free family members from unconscious patterns of anxiety and projection rooted in past. Help families clarify communication and honestly admit feelings.

Front 87

From an object relations' pespective, how are problems caused within families?

Back 87

Members unconsciously project unwanted elements of selves onto others in family, which leads to family members being dissatisfied and trying to change one another.

Front 88

Minuchin's structural family therapy is a single, interrelated system which can be assessed along a variety of dimensions... what are they?

Back 88

hierarchy of power, clarity and firmness of boundaries, alliances, and splits.

Front 89

Minuchin said boundary problems result in rigid triangles. THere are 3 types... what are they?

Back 89

Triangulation - child is caught in middle.
Detouring - scapegoat the child by blaming or making them sick.
Stable coalition - one parent unites with child against other parent.

Front 90

When a therapist attempts to understand family dynamics by adopting their style of interaction, what is this called?

Back 90

Joining

Front 91

The communications family therapists (Satir, Weaklund, Watzlawick, Bateson, Jackson, and Haley) coined the term "double bind" - what does it mean?

Back 91

Verbal, non-verbal, and recognition messages are sent that let the other person know that no matter what course of action they take, they are wrong.

Front 92

"Prescribing the symptom," is what kind of intervention?

Back 92

Paradoxical intervention or paradoxical intention.

Front 93

Haley's strategic family therapy borrows from what other family therapies?

Back 93

Minuchin's structural therapy and the communication style of family therapy.

Front 94

What is the focus of strategic family therapy?

Back 94

Interrupting the rigid feedback cycle and defining clearer hierarchy. Increase repertoire of coping skills.

Front 95

Milan's Systemic therapy has two main concepts called "circular questioning" and "prescription of rituals" - what are they?

Back 95

Circular questioning - is aims at hypothesis formation while introducing information to families.
Prescription of rituals: purpose is to alter the family's direction from its current course.

Front 96

According to Bowen's family therapy theory, what makes a healthy familY?

Back 96

Clearly differentiated family members. Differentiation, which is the ability to be one's true self in the face of familial or other pressures is the goal of therapy.

Front 97

T or F: Bowen would begin working first with the least psychologically minded individual in the family.

Back 97

Fals - it is actually the opposite of this.

Front 98

Bowen's Multigenerational transmission process says that pathology in the family is repeated through the generations. This idea gave way to what technique/tool?

Back 98

The Genogram (developed by Bowen).

Front 99

What are Yalom's 12 factors for group?

Back 99

Insight, instillation of hope, universality, imparting info, altruism, corrective recapitulation of primary family, develop social skills, imitative behaviors, interpersonal learning, cohesiveness, catharsis, existential factors.

Front 100

In individual therapy, the most critical factor is therapis empathy, what is it in groups?

Back 100

Cohesiveness

Front 101

What are the three stages like?

Back 101

1. Hesitatnt orienting to each other and group.
2. Conflict and attempts at dominance.
3. Closeness, intimacy, cohesion.

Front 102

How are the goals of short term therapy and crisis intervention different?

Back 102

In short term therapy, the goal is improved functioning in a short period of time. In crisis intervention, the goal is return to normal functioning quickly.

Front 103

There are 4 types of community interventions... client-centered case consult, consultee-centered case consult, consultee-centered admin consult, and program-centered admin consult... define each of these.

Back 103

Client-cntred case - intervention helps 1 consultee with 1 client.
Consultee-ctrd case - intervention helps 1 consultee with multiple clients.
Consultee-ctrd Admin - intervention focused on 1 consultee and leads to program changes.
Progran-ctrd admin - intervention focus on a group to affect program changes.

Front 104

Describe the 3 levels of prevention.

Back 104

Primary - most widespread and removed - truly prevent problem.
Secondary - stop mild d/o from becoming serious and/or chronic (ex. screening efforts).
Tertiary - reduce residual effects of chronic problem or minimize further negative consequences. (ex. PSRC, voc rehab).

Front 105

What kids are at greatest risk of abuse?

Back 105

Those perceived as developmentally slow, different, and hard to discipline. Hyperactive. Low SES, socially isolated homes.

Front 106

Perpetrators of abuse are likely to be which of the following (can be more than one)
1. Female
2. Living in the home.
3. Live in 2-parent homes
4. Former victims of child abuse
5. Be substance abusers.
6. Have a DSM diagnosis.

Back 106

1-5 are true. "6" is false... abusers generally do not meet criteria for a mental health diagnosis (except sub abuse)

Front 107

T or F. The only consistent way to stop spousal abuse is arresting the perpetrator.

Back 107

True.

Front 108

What is the difference between expressive vs. instrumental abuse?

Back 108

Expressive - results as a way to manage emotions.
Instrumental - a way to exert control over somoene

Front 109

True or False:
Many rapists experience sexual dysfunction during rape/

Back 109

True

Front 110

WHat is involved in 50% of rapes?

Back 110

Alcohol

Front 111

True or false:
Most rapes are sponaneous and occur as a result of poor impulse control.

Back 111

False... most rapes are premeditated.

Front 112

How long does it take kids to recover from divorce?

Back 112

3-5 years, but up to 1/3 have lasting trauma.

Front 113

What are the gender differences in how children respond to parents' divorcing and remarrying?

Back 113

Initially, girls adjust better than boys to divorce, but boys respond better to having step-fathers.

Front 114

What did Eysenck (1952) find in the first meta-analysis of therapy outcomes?

Back 114

2/3 of all neurotics improved over a 2-year period whether they received treatment or not.

Front 115

What did Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) find in their meta-analysis?

Back 115

AVG effect size of .85 - individuals who had psychological treatment were better off than 80% of those who did not.

Front 116

What were some of the main findings of the Consumer Reports article in 1995?

Back 116

Long term therapy is better than short, therapy alone did not differ much from therapy plus meds, no specific modality did better than others, no differences b/n psychologists and social workers, but both were better than MFT's.

Front 117

What is utilization review?

Back 117

Focus on the costs and conserving resources.

Front 118

Quality assurance and utilization review are related to risk management, which is about what?

Back 118

It has to do with taking steps to decrease inappropriate practices.

Front 119

the psyche is composed of three parts...

Back 119

id ego & superego

Front 120

id

Back 120

pleasure principle--source of sexual & aggressive drives

Front 121

ego

Back 121

reality principle--defers Id's demands. logical ordered aspect of personality; reason & judgment

Front 122

Superego

Back 122

conscious/morality--integration of societal & parental restrictions. consequence of successful Oedipal development

Front 123

conflict (psychodynamic theory)

Back 123

when ego cannot give into id's needs b/c of pressure from superego or reality

Front 124

defense mechanisms

Back 124

used to attempt to avoid conflict

Front 125

repression

Back 125

the rejection from consciousness of painful or shameful experiences

Front 126

denial

Back 126

unconscious operations disavowing the feelings, thoughts, or needs that cause anxiety

Front 127

Reaction Formation

Back 127

replaces unacceptable urges with their opposites

Front 128

Rationalization

Back 128

Socially acceptable reason to explain an unacceptable behavior or thought

Front 129

Projection

Back 129

attributing unacceptable wishes to another

Front 130

displacement

Back 130

transferring an emotion from an original idea/object to a more acceptable/safer one

Front 131

fixation

Back 131

returning, repeatedly, to a previously mastered stage of development to cope with life's problems

Front 132

sublimation

Back 132

a mature defense. transforms a libidinal urge into socially acceptable interests & activities

Front 133

anxiety

Back 133

aka signal anxiety b/c an impulse is seeking expression

Front 134

primary process

Back 134

characterized by lack of logic, ease of substitution of 1 idea with another, & by immediate discharge of energy. functions according to the pleasure principle

Front 135

secondary process

Back 135

governed by ego. logical & sequential. functions according to the reality principle

Front 136

free association

Back 136

patient lies on couch & attends to all thoughts & reports them without suppressing or censuring

Front 137

transference

Back 137

patient projects feelings, thoughts, wishes, or attitudes about persons in past onto analyst.

Front 138

repetition compulsion

Back 138

individuals repeat in the present feelings & affects from the past

Front 139

positive transference

Back 139

love longings displaced from parents (original objects) onto the therapist

Front 140

negative transference

Back 140

aggressive drives displaced from parents onto therapist

Front 141

confrontation

Back 141

helping patient see their neurotic behaviors (confront)

Front 142

clarification

Back 142

analyst develops understanding what, why, how the patient is resisting. issues motivating the behavior explored

Front 143

interpretation

Back 143

must be given repeatedly. leads to catharsis, insight, & working through

Front 144

working through

Back 144

results in assimilation of insights into personality

Front 145

Jung

Back 145

analytic psychology. collective unconscious

Front 146

extroversion

Back 146

finding pleasure in external stimuli

Front 147

introversion

Back 147

turning inward of the libido

Front 148

style of life (Adler)

Back 148

specific ways person compensates for inferiority & to achieve superiority

Front 149

healthy life style

Back 149

reflects optimism, confidence & contributes to the welfare of others

Front 150

mistaken life style

Back 150

characterized by goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, & striving for personal power

Front 151

adlerian psychotherapy goals & techniques

Back 151

collaborative relationship, help client identify & understand his/her style of life & its consequences, reorienting the client's beliefs & goals so that they support a more adaptive lifestyle.

Front 152

what is STET?

Back 152

Application of Adlerian psychotherapy. Systematic Training for Effective Teaching

Front 153

What is STEP

Back 153

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting

Front 154

Lifestyle Investigation

Back 154

yields information about client's family constellation, fictional (hidden) goals, & basic beliefs (distorted beliefs & attitudes)

Front 155

object-seeking

Back 155

Relationships with others as a basic drive

Front 156

Introjects

Back 156

internal representations of objects & object relations

Front 157

Mahler personality development

Back 157

first month--normal autism--infant essentially oblivious to external environment; 2-3 months--normal symbiosis--fusion with mother;

Front 158

Separation-Individuation phase of Mahler's development

Back 158

begins around 4 months. 1st sensory exploration of the the environment. then physical exploration of the world. Followed by period of conflict between independence & dependence--separation anxiety. by 3 yrs. child has developed a permanent sense of self & object & is able to perceive others as both separate & related

Front 159

maladaptive behavior per Object relations

Back 159

problems during separation-individuation or inadequate resolution of natural tendency to split mental representations of the self & others

Front 160

person centered therapy (Rogers)

Back 160

based on assumption that all people have an innate "self-actualizing tendency"

Front 161

Self-actualizing tendency

Back 161

serves as person's major source of motivation & guides them toward positive, healthy growth

Front 162

Self (Rogers)

Back 162

the organized, consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the "I" or "me" & the perceptions of the relationships of the "I" or "me" to others & to various aspects of life, together with the values attached to these perceptions

Front 163

Rogers' view of maladaptive behavior

Back 163

disorganization of self as the result of incongruence between self & experience which can occur when the individual experiences conditions of worth

Front 164

conditions of worth

Back 164

when a person discovers that positive regard is conditional not unconditional

Front 165

person-centered therapy

Back 165

goal is to help client achieve congruence b/w self & experiences so that he/she can become a more fully-functioning, self-actualizing person

Front 166

Unconditional Positive Regard (respect)

Back 166

genuine care about client, affirm client's worth as a person, & accept the client without evaluation.

Front 167

Genuineness (Congruence)

Back 167

therapist must be genuine & authentic in therapy. honest communication of therapist's feelings whenever it is appropriate

Front 168

Accurate Empathetic Understanding

Back 168

Refers to a therapist's ability to see the world as the client does & to convey that understanding to the client

Front 169

Gestalt Therapy

Back 169

based on premise that each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his/her own thoughts, feelings, & actions and living as an integrated "whole."

Front 170

Gestalt Therapy incorporates principles from...

Back 170

psychoanalysis, phenomenology, & existentialism

Front 171

Gestalt Psychology

Back 171

addresses issues related to perception. 1) People tend to seek closure; 2) a person's 'gestalts' reflects his/her current needs; 3) a person's behavior represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts; 4) behavior can be fully understood only in its context; & 5) a person experiences the world in accord with the principle of figure/ground

Front 172

Gestalt

Back 172

perceptions of parts as wholes

Front 173

personality (Gestalt psychology)

Back 173

consists of self & self-image

Front 174

self (Perls)

Back 174

creative aspect of the personality that promotes the individual's inherent tendency for self-actualization or the ability to live as a fully integrated person

Front 175

self-image (Perls)

Back 175

the "darker side" of the personality. hinders growth & self-actualization by imposing external standards

Front 176

neurotic (maladaptive)behavior (Gestalt)

Back 176

a growth disorder involving abandonment of the self for the self-image & a resulting lack of integration. stems from

Front 177

neurotic behavior stems from...

Back 177

a disturbance in the boundary between the self & the external environment, which interferes with the person's ability to satisfy his/her needs & maintain homeostasis.

Front 178

4 major boundary disturbances

Back 178

introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence

Front 179

Introjection (Gestalt)

Back 179

person psychologically swallows whole concepts without fully understanding or assimilating them

Front 180

Projection (Gestalt)

Back 180

Disavowing aspects of the self by assigning them to other people. extreme projection can result in paranoia

Front 181

Retroflection

Back 181

doing to oneself what one wants to do to another

Front 182

Confluence

Back 182

absence of boundary between the self and the environment. causes intolerance of any differences between oneself & others & often underlies feelings of guilt & resentment

Front 183

First stage of group development (Yalom)

Back 183

Orientation, Hesitant Participation, Search for Meaning. Determine the group's structure & meaning. members look to leaders for approval & acceptance as well as for answers to their questions.

Front 184

2nd stage of group development (Yalom)

Back 184

Conflict, Dominance, Rebellion. Advice giving is replaced by criticism, judgmental statements, & other negative comments, & some members may express hostility toward the therapist as a result of resistance and the realization that they are not the therapist's favorite child

Front 185

3rd stage of group development (Yalom)

Back 185

Development of cohesiveness. unity, intimacy, & closeness become the chief concerns. he describes cohesiveness as the analogue of the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy.

Front 186

premature termination

Back 186

10-35% of group members drop out of therapy during the first 12-20 sessions.

Front 187

group therapist's primary tasks

Back 187

Creation & Maintanace of the Group; Culture Building; Activation & Illumination of the Here & Now

Front 188

Feminist Therapy characteristics

Back 188

emphasis on the power differences between men & women & how that difference impacts on both men's & women's behaviors; intrapsychic events always occur & must be interpreted within an oppressive social context

Front 189

feminist therapy goals

Back 189

identifying & altering oppressive forces in society that have affected their clients' lives. Primary goal: empowerment or helping women become more self-defining & self-determining

Front 190

striving for an egalitarian Relationship

Back 190

inherent power differential, attempts to minimize by promoting "power with" via appropriate self-disclosures; demystifying the therapy process; & encouraging clients to set their own goals & evaluate the progress of therapy

Front 191

avoiding labels

Back 191

one technique which separates feminist therapy from others

Front 192

Avoiding Revictimization

Back 192

Avoid blaming women for their current problems. emphasize woman's strengths.

Front 193

Involvement in Social Action

Back 193

in order to be effective feminist therapists believe they must be social & political activists.

Front 194

non-sexist therapy

Back 194

focus more on individual factors & modifying personal behavior

Front 195

hypnosis

Back 195

adjunct to major therapeutic schools--psychoanalysis, behavioral, cognitive, etc.

Front 196

hypnosis involves (according to Orne & Dinges, 1989)

Back 196

Experiencing alterations of memory, perception, & mood in response to suggestions

Front 197

Hypnosis essential feature (Orne & Dinges, 1989)

Back 197

subjective experiential change

Front 198

repressed memories

Back 198

1) hypnosis does not seem to enhance the accuracy of memories & may create more pseudo-memories than accurate memories. 2) hypnosis may exaggerate a person's confidence in the validity of uncertain memories, especially inaccurate memories. 3) even inaccurate memories often reflect issues & experiences that are relevant to treatment

Front 199

primary goal of crisis intervention (Phares, 1988)

Back 199

reach people in an acute state of stress & provide them with enough support to prevent them from becoming the "chronic's of the future."

Front 200

subgoals of crisis intervention (Rapoport, 1970)

Back 200

1) relieve symptoms; 2) restore person to his/her previous level of functioning; 3) id factors that precipitated the crisis; 4) id & apply remedial measures; 5) connect current stresses with past experiences; 6) develop adaptive coping skills to be used in the future.

Front 201

Suicide hotlines reduce rates in what group?

Back 201

young, white females. the most frequent callers (Miller, et al., 1984)

Front 202

Primary prevention

Back 202

aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental & physical disorders by decreasing incidents of new cases. E.g. immunization programs, "Meals on Wheels," etc.

Front 203

Secondary Prevention

Back 203

attempts to decrease prevalence of mental & physical disorders by reducing their duration via early detections & intervention. identifying specific individuals & providing those individuals with appropriate treatments

Front 204

Tertiary Prevention

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designed to reduce the duration & consequence of mental & physical disorders. Rehab programs, partial programs; education programs

Front 205

community psychology strategy--education

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1) reduce the incidents of health problems by increasing preventative activities 2) improve the care of the ill by educating the public about the nature of their disorders & treatment

Front 206

community psychology strategy--preventative health care

Back 206

health belief model

Front 207

Health belief model (Becker, 1974)

Back 207

health behaviors influenced by: 1) person's readiness to take a particular action, which is related to his/her perceived susceptibility to the illness & perceived severity of its consequences; 2) the person's evaluation of the benefits & costs of making a particular response; 3) internal & external cues to action that trigger the response

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consultation

Back 208

a process in which a human services professional assists a consultee with a work-related (or a caretaking related) problem with a client system in some specific way

Front 209

organizational consulting

Back 209

adopts a systems approach & defines the entire organization as the consultee

Front 210

advocacy consulting

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requires the consultant to adopt an explicit value orientation in order to best foster the goals of a disenfranchised group

Front 211

stages of consultation

Back 211

entry; diagnosis; implementation; disengagement

Front 212

entry

Back 212

identifying consultee needs; contracting; & physically & psychologically entering the system. most common time for resistance. resistance can be minimized by publicly clarifying the nature of the consultant's services & by establishing a strong collaborative relationship between the consultant & the consultee at the onset of the consultation

Front 213

diagnosis

Back 213

gathering information; defining the problem & setting goals; & generating possible interventions

Front 214

Implementation

Back 214

choosing an intervention; formulating a plan; & implementing the plan

Front 215

Disengagement

Back 215

planning post-consultation matters; reducing involvement & follow-up; & termination

Front 216

mental health consultation

Back 216

derived from the medical/psychiatric model & is attributable largely to the work of Gerald Caplan. 4 types

Front 217

client-centered case consultation

Back 217

involves working with the consultee (teacher/therapist) to develop a plan that will enable the consultee to work more effectively with a particular student/patient

Front 218

Consultee-centered case consultation

Back 218

to enhance the consultee's performance in delivering services to a particular population or group of clients. focus on consultee's skills, knowledge, abilities, &/or objectivity

Front 219

programmed centered administrative consultation

Back 219

working with 1 or more administrators to resolve problems related to an existing problem

Front 220

consultee centered administrative consultation

Back 220

goal is to help administrative level personnel improve their professional functioning so they can be more effective in the future with regard to program development, implementation, & evaluation

Front 221

consultation v. supervision

Back 221

in supervision the supervisor is the same profession as the supervisee & has administrative responsibility & is in a position of power/authority over the supervisee. Consultants can advise, but consultees have to decide to take the information.

Front 222

parallel process

Back 222

supervisee replicates problems & symptoms with supervisor that are being manifested by the therapist's clients.

Front 223

psychotherapy efficacy debate started when & by whom?

Back 223

1952 by Eysenck. Results of 24 outcome studies published between 1920 & 1950 were summarized. Eysenck concluded that effects of therapy were "small or non-existent" & that any positive effects may reflect nothing more than spontaneous remission.

Front 224

What did Eysenck base his conclusions on?

Back 224

72% of the neurotic adults in his no-therapy group showed improvement w/in 2 years of symptom onset. Only 66% of patients receiving eclectic psychotherapy & 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial decrease in symptoms

Front 225

what is meta-analysis

Back 225

calculating effect size which converts data from different studies to a common metric so results can be quantitatively combined & compared

Front 226

what was the result of the smith, glass, & miller (1980) meta-analysis

Back 226

475 studies between 1941 & 1976; mean effect size .85; indicates that the average client at the end of therapy "is better off than 80% of those who need therapy but remain untreated."

Front 227

Lipsey & Wilson (1993) concluded what?

Back 227

effect size estimates for psychological treatments equal to or exceed those for medical & educational interventions& that reported effect sizes are sufficiently large to support the claim that psych. treatments are "generally efficacious in practical as well as statistical terms."

Front 228

which form of therapy is most efficacious?

Back 228

no one type consistently superior, but CBT superior for panic, phobias, & compulsions

Front 229

What does Lambert & Bergin (1994) say about the Lipsey & Wilson conclusion?

Back 229

positive change in therapy is not due to any unique or specific techniques, but to the common factors found in all treatment modalities, e.g. catharsis, positive relationship, advice, behavioral regulation, & cognitive learning & mastery.

Front 230

how many older adults meet criteria for a mental d/o according to APA (2004)

Back 230

20 - 22%

Front 231

what are the most common mental health problems in older adults?

Back 231

In order of incidence: Anxiety, severe cognitive impairments, & depression

Front 232

do older adults respond to therapy?

Back 232

yes, but often slower than younger adults. (APA 2002)

Front 233

which treatments are especially effective for which disorders with older adults (Gatz et al., 1998)?

Back 233

1) behavioral & environmental interventions for dementia; 2) memory & cognitive retraining "probably efficacious" for patients with dementia; 3) cognitive, behavioral, & brief psychodynamic therapies have been shown to be "probably efficacious" as treatments for depression

Front 234

Howard et al. (1986) indicates that the relationship b/w treatment & outcome...what?

Back 234

Levels off at about 26 session. approx 75% of patients show measurable improvements at 26; the number only rises to 85% at 52 session. This is called dose-dependent effect

Front 235

Remoraliziation

Back 235

feelings of hopelessness & desperation respond quickly to therapy, usually accomplished during 1st few session

Front 236

Remediation

Back 236

2nd phase of therapy. focus on symptoms that brought person to therapy. symptomatic relief usually requires about 16 session

Front 237

Rehabilitation

Back 237

3rd phase of therapy. focus on "unlearning troublesome, maladaptive habitual behaviors & establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of life. # of sessions depends on type & severity of problem

Front 238

efficacy studies

Back 238

clinical trials (experimental)

Front 239

Effectiveness studies

Back 239

correlational or quasi-experimental

Front 240

placebo effect

Back 240

borrowed from medical studies; means providing subjects with the non-specific (common) factors of psychotherapy such as attention & support. placebo conditions have a substantial impact with subjects in placebo control groups showing greater improvement in symptoms than no-treatment or wait-list control groups

Front 241

Lipsey & Wilson (1993) on placebo control groups

Back 241

average effect size of .67 when treated subjects are compared to no treatment controls, but a smaller effect size of .48 when subjects in the treatment group are compared to those in a placebo control group.

Front 242

diagnostic overshadowing

Back 242

used to describe the tendency of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, & emotional problems to client's diagnosis or situation.

Front 243

therapist distress

Back 243

Guy, Polestra, & Stark (1989) surveyed 749 psychologists 74.3% experienced personal distress in past 3 years & for 36.7% it decreased the quality of their work; 4.6% admitted the distress resulted in inadequate treatment

Front 244

work related stress

Back 244

1) suicidal statements by clients; 2) lack of therapeutic success--single most stressful aspect of their work; 3) issues of confidentiality most frequently encountered ethical/legal dilema

Front 245

who is likely to prematurely terminate therapy?

Back 245

overall--members of ethnic & cultural minority groups. African Americans higher than Anglo Americans (whites); Asians lower drop-out rate; Hispanics drop-out rates similar to Anglo Americans (Sue et al., 1991)

Front 246

what 2 processes are critical when working with culturally diverse populations according to Sue & Zane (1987)

Back 246

credibility, the client's perception that the therapist is expert & trustworthy. The 2nd process is giving the client's perception that he/she has received something from therapy.

Front 247

Sue & Sue (2002) define cultural competence as having 3 competencies. what are they?

Back 247

Awareness-aware of their assumptions, values, & beliefs; 2) Knowledge-attempt to understand the worldview of culturally diverse clients; 3) skill-use therapeutic modalities & interventions that are appropriate for culturally diverse clients.

Front 248

cultural encapsulation (wren, 1985)

Back 248

therapists exhibit when they 1) define everyone's reality according to their own cultural assumptions & stereotypes; 2) disregard cultural differences; 3) ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs; 4) rely on techniques & strategies to solve problems; & 5) disregard their own cultural biases.

Front 249

emic orientation

Back 249

culture specific theories, concepts, & research strategies. used to understand a culture, to see things through the eyes of members of that culture.

Front 250

etic orientation

Back 250

phenomena that reflect a universal or culture-general orientation. involves viewing people from different cultures as essentially the same.

Front 251

High context Communication

Back 251

grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on non-verbal cues, helps unify a culture, & is slow to change.

Front 252

Low context communication

Back 252

relies primarily on the explicit, verbal part of a message. less unifying & can change rapidly & easily. characteristic of Euro-American cultures.

Front 253

consequences of oppression (Landrum & Batts, 1985)

Back 253

consequences of racial oppression on African Americans may take several forms. 1) internalized oppression, which can involve system beating, system blaming, total avoidance of whites, &/or denial of the political significance of race. 2) Conceptual incarceration--adopting a white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant worldview. 3) split self syndrome--characterized by polarizing oneself into "good" & "bad" components; 4) reduce one's ability to recognize &/or use internal & external resources.

Front 254

cultural paranoia

Back 254

a healthy reaction to racism. shown when a client does not disclose to a white therapist b/c of fear of being hurt or misunderstood.

Front 255

functional paranoia

Back 255

an unhealthy condition that itself is an illness. African American unwilling to disclose to any therapist regardless of race or ethnicity due to general mistrust & suspicion.

Front 256

Ridley (1984) model of paranoia has 2 levels (low v. high) & the combination of these levels produces 4 disclosure modes:

Back 256

1) Intercultural Nonparanoiac Disorder (low function, low cultural)--willing to disclose to any therapist; 2) functional paranoiac (high functional, low cultural paranoia)--nondisclosive to AA or white therapists primarily due to pathology. 3) healthy cultural paranoiac (low functional, high cultural) client will disclose to an AA therapist, but reluctant to disclose to a white therapist. 4) Confluent Paranoiac (high functional, high cultural) nondisclosing to either AA or white therapist combination of pathology & effects of racism

Front 257

sexual prejudice (Hereck, 2000)

Back 257

all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation whether target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual

Front 258

heterosexism (Herck, 2000)

Back 258

ideological system that denies, denigrates, & stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.

Front 259

Karen Horney (neo-Freudian)

Back 259

Parenteral behaviors such as indifference, overprotection, & rejection cause child to feel basic anxiety--a feeling of helplessness & isolation in a hostile world.

Front 260

In Horney's conceptualization how does a child defend against feeling of anxiety?

Back 260

Movement toward others; movement against others; or movement away from others. A healthy individual incorporates all 3 behaviors. A neurotic person relies on one type of behavior.

Front 261

Harry Stack Sullivan (neo-Freudian)

Back 261

recognized the role of cognitive experience in personality development. Identified 3 modes of cog. experience, which develops sequentially in the infant--Prototaxic, parataxic, & syntaxic mode

Front 262

Prototaxic mode of cognitive development

Back 262

discrete, unconnected momentary states. occurs in the 1st months of life.

Front 263

Parataxic mode of cognitive development

Back 263

involves private or autistic symbols. person sees causal connections between events that are not actually related. the connections serve the developing self & reduce anxiety

Front 264

Syntaxic mode of cognitive development

Back 264

involves symbols that have shared meaning, emerges around end of 1st year of life. involves logical, sequential, & consistent thinking & underlies language development.

Front 265

Erich Fromm (neo-Freudian)

Back 265

role of societal factors in personality development. Identified 5 character styles that a person may adopt in response to demands of society: the receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding, the marketing, & the productive.

Front 266

Ego-analysts

Back 266

place greater emphasis on the ego's role in personality development. two ego-functions: ego-defensive (resolution of conflicts) & ego-autonomous functions (adaptive, non-conflict laden functions)

Front 267

A major difference b/w Freudian & neo-Freudian therapists

Back 267

Freudian therapists emphasize intrapsychic determinants of personality. Neo-Freudian therapists emphasize social & cultural determinants of personality

Front 268

Sullivan's concept of parataxic distortion is most similar to the Freudian notion of

Back 268

Transference. Parataxic distortions occur when an individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his/her early life.

Front 269

Existential therapy

Back 269

personality is an outgrowth of the struggle b/w the individual & the "ultimate concerns" of existence--death, isolation, meaninglessness, & the fact that we are ultimately responsible for our own lives.

Front 270

Existential therapists identify 2 types of anxiety

Back 270

Normal/existential anxiety--proportionate to the cause, constructive, does not require repression. Neurotic anxiety--person tries to evade normal anxiety. typically manifests as a loss of subjective sense of free will & an inability to take responsibility fro one's own life.

Front 271

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Back 271

how 1 thinks greatly influences how one feels & behaves. therapy is a "collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, & problem-solving" b/w client & therapist.

Front 272

Automatic thoughts

Back 272

arise spontaneously in response to specific stimuli or situations. Reflect APPRAISAL of situation NOT actual situation. When dysfunctional they lead to maladaptive emotional & behavioral responses.

Front 273

Schemas (Core Beliefs or Underlying Assumptions)

Back 273

Internal models of the self & the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning in early life. Can be adaptive: facilitate more efficient information processing. if maladaptive can dominate person's perception of a situation & create or maintain a maladaptive emotional state.

Front 274

cognitive distortions

Back 274

systematic errors in thinking/reasoning forms the link b/w dysfunctional schemas & automatic thoughts.

Front 275

General Systems Theory

Back 275

a family is conceptualized as a system--more than just the sum of its parts due to relationships & transactional patterns. Open system receives energy by interacting with the environment. Closed system is resistant to change b/c of rigid or impermeable boundaries.

Front 276

equifinality

Back 276

no matter where one enters the system, the same end result occurs for the family. it is the patterns of behavior that are crucial to systems therapists, not the topics or controversies

Front 277

equipotentiality

Back 277

one cause can lead to different results. e.g. incest--> promiscuity or sexual inhibition

Front 278

negative feedback

Back 278

maintains homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo

Front 279

positive feedback

Back 279

disrupts homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations in the status quo

Front 280

counter conditioning

Back 280

reciprocal inhibition-2 things that are incompatible can not happen at the same time. the stronger will inhibit the weaker response. Teaching a stronger response

Front 281

classical extinction

Back 281

present cs without us

Front 282

aversive conditioning

Back 282

situations where trying to eliminate bad behavior such as addictions or fetishes. CS will be paired with a new US type of reciprocal or counter conditioning can be in vivo or in imagination-covert ex antibuse used with paraphelias,short term benefits but lots of recidivism.

Front 283

sensate focus

Back 283

sexual performance anxiety

Front 284

systematic sensitization

Back 284

used to treat specific phobias. Wolpe. Teaching relaxation incompatible with anxiety. getting comfortable with a rat.

Front 285

primary reinforcers

Back 285

universal to all species and genders and ages without learningex food

Front 286

secondary reinforcers

Back 286

ex praise-acquired learned

Front 287

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Back 287

ex money ex tokens in token economy

Front 288

shaping

Back 288

successive approximations with cues

Front 289

contingency contracts

Back 289

clear behaviors negotiate for desired behavior

Front 290

premack

Back 290

grandma rule

Front 291

DRO or DRA

Back 291

combination of op[erant extinction and reinforcers We reinforce positive and do not reinforce the undesired

Front 292

self reinforcement self control procedures

Back 292

people give themselves reinforcement

Front 293

self monitoring

Back 293

person tracks progress

Front 294

stimulus control

Back 294

narrowing the stimulus

Front 295

positive punishment

Back 295

applying an adversive stimulus to decrease undesired behavior ex: thought stopping-rubberband max intensity little delay and aware that it will happen. If sequence of behavior, stop early in sequence and administer punishment

Front 296

escape learning

Back 296

ind receives an adversive stimulus and can make it stop by doing the desired behavior

Front 297

avoidance learning

Back 297

do desired behavior to avoid adversive stimulus

Front 298

overcorrection

Back 298

scrub the wall ruined and all walls in house

Front 299

symbolic modeling/film modeling

Back 299

watch a film of behavior

Front 300

in vivo modeling

Back 300

watch live model doing the behavior

Front 301

participative modeling

Back 301

try and simulate the behavior

Front 302

DBT-

Back 302

Marsha Linehan structured,agree to treatment and attendance,reduce on parasuicidal,skills component. Ind work phone contact as needed, This was designed as a treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder and incorporates three strategies: (1) group skills training to help clients regulate their emotions and improve their social and coping skills; (2) individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients' motivation and newly-acquired skills; and (3) telephone consultations to provide additional support and between-session coaching. Research has confirmed that this reduces premature termination from therapy, psychiatric hospitalizations, and parasuicidal behaviors.

Front 303

wolfgang Kohler

Back 303

chimps insight theory,proved that more than behaviorism, Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

Front 304

Albert Ellis

Back 304

Cognitive Behavioral RET direct approach,convince pt he is irrational. ABC-DEF model confrontive, pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Front 305

Beck

Back 305

Hypothesis test socratic questioning collaborative
Cognitive triad-self bad world bad and future bad-Depression autonomic thoughts, pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Front 306

Meichenbaum

Back 306

Stress inoculation Training (CBT) Prepare clients for future stressors and promote resiliance. give small dose of stress and build up ability to deal. verbalize and model behavior

Front 307

protocol analysis

Back 307

have pt verbalize problem solving approach, ...involves subjects verbalizing their thought process as they perform a task.

Front 308

Marlatt

Back 308

relapse prevention substance abuse overlearned habit teach relapse part of process. Triggers

Front 309

REM

Back 309

depression combines behaviorism and lack of reinforcement from outside world and self reinforcement

Front 310

Systems Theory

Back 310

A system is a group of interacting parts/components which constitute entire organization

Front 311

Structural Theory

Back 311

Psyche divided into id, ego, superego

Front 312

The id

Back 312

- Governed by the pleasure principle
- Source of sexual and aggressive drives

Front 313

The Ego

Back 313

- Governed by the reality principle and functions to defer id gratification in accordance w/environmental demands

Front 314

The Superego

Back 314

Serves as the consceince and comes from internalization of societal and parental restrictions

Front 315

Purpose of Defense Mechanisms

Back 315

To prevent the conscious activation of a conflict between the ego and the id

Front 316

Defenses include

Back 316

Repression, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, projection, displacement, fixation, sublimation, projective identification, splitting, intellectualizing, and undoing

Front 317

Primary Process Thinking

Back 317

Unconscious mental processes (seen in dreams, slips of the tongue, and jokes)

Front 318

Secondary Process Thinkning

Back 318

Conscious mental processes (logical and sequential, and function according to the reality principle)

Front 319

Goal of psychoanalysis

Back 319

Engender insight into the unconscious and to strenthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality.

Front 320

Techniques of psychoanalysis

Back 320

Catharsis, interpretation, working through (assimilation of insights into the personality), parallel process

Front 321

What is Parallel Process?

Back 321

A process that involves the transference phenomenon whereby a counselor will respond to his or her supervisor in a way that parallels the manner in which a client responds to the counselor

Front 322

Classical Freudian theory postulates a psychic structure divided into 3 parts:

Back 322

id, ego, superego

Front 323

The id includes:

Back 323

-All instincts and reflexes that are inherited at birth (biological drives)
-Self preservation instincts
-Libido
-Aggressive drives

Front 324

The id is a completely unorganized reservoir of energy dominated by:

Back 324

The pleasure principle

Front 325

The pleasure principle is:

Back 325

The instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Front 326

The ego is that part of the id that has been modified by its interaction with the external world. It represents:

Back 326

The reality priniciple

Front 327

Reality Principle

Back 327

The ego's control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world

Front 328

The ego:

Back 328

The logical, ordered aspect of personality. The organizational, critical, and synthesizing ability of the ego makes reason and judgment possible.

Front 329

The superego:

Back 329

A result of the child satisfactorily passing through the Oedipal developmental stage

Front 330

The superego:

Back 330

Acts as the conscience. The moral and judicial aspects of the superego come larely from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs.

Front 331

Early psychoanalytic theory emphasized conflict as the basic dynamic of personality. The ego is in constant conflict with:

Back 331

The id, the superego, and reality.

Front 332

If the ego gives in to the id's demands:

Back 332

The ego is punished by a sense of guilt from the superego

Front 333

If the ego doesn't give in to the id:

Back 333

There is constant pressure until some satisfactory outlet is found

Front 334

Defense mechanisms are employed by the ego in order to:

Back 334

Relieve pressures of the drives

Front 335

Repression

Back 335

Repression acts to keep information out of conscious awareness

Front 336

Denial

Back 336

Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring

Front 337

Reaction formation

Back 337

Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse or behavior. Ex.: treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings

Front 338

Rationalization

Back 338

Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior

Front 339

Projection

Back 339

Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people

Front 340

Intellectualization

Back 340

Allows us to avoid thinking about the stressful, emotional aspect of the situation and instead focus only on the intellectual component

Front 341

Displacement

Back 341

Iinvolves taking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening

Front 342

Sublimation

Back 342

Allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form

Front 343

Projective Identification

Back 343

A psychological process in which a person engages in the ego defense mechanism projection in such a way that their behavior towards the object of projection invokes in that person precisely the thoughts, feelings or behaviors projected.

Front 344

Fixation

Back 344

The arresting of part of the libido at an immature stage, causing an obsessive attachment

Front 345

Splitting

Back 345

Negative and positive impulses are split off and unintegrated

Front 346

Undoing

Back 346

To 'undo' an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior

Front 347

According to psychoanalytic theory, anxiety signals the breakdown of:

Back 347

The defensive structure

Front 348

Signal anxiety

Back 348

An ego mechanism that results in activation of defensive operations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by an excess of excitement. The anxiety reaction that was originally experienced in a traumatic situation is reproduced in an attenuated form, allowing defenses to be mobilized before the current threat does, in fact, become overwhelming.

Front 349

Signal Anxiety

Back 349

Indicates an impulse is seeking expression

Front 350

Primary Process is governed by the id, the ego, or the superego?

Back 350

The id

Front 351

Secondary Process is governed by the id, the ego, or the superego?

Back 351

The ego (the conscious part of the ego)

Front 352

Free Association

Back 352

Patients lie on a counch, attend to all thoughts and report them without suppressing or censuring

Front 353

Resistance

Back 353

When patients are unable to recall the traumatic memories that gave rise to their symptoms

Front 354

Transference

Back 354

The phenomenon of having a distorted perception of another, based on ones past significant relationships

Front 355

Repetition compulsion

Back 355

The repeating of one's feelings and affects from the past in the present

Front 356

Zetzel called positive transference:

Back 356

Therapeutic alliance

Front 357

Greenson called positive transference:

Back 357

Working alliance

Front 358

Countertransference

Back 358

A therapist's inappropriate reactions to the patient based on his or her own enactment of personal needs and resistance to the treatment

Front 359

In psychoanalysis, the purpose of interpretation is:

Back 359

To increase the client's insight into unconscious mental content that is connected to current feelings and behaviors

Front 360

In psychoanalysis, a working alliance is a positive feeling toward the therapist that is motivated by a realistic wish to:

Back 360

Progress in therapy

Front 361

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on

Back 361

Psychological forces and conflict within the individual

Front 362

Jung's Analytical Psychology

Back 362

The personal unconscious contains repressed material, while the collective unconscious consists of archetypes, or universally shared predispositions toward feeling, thinking, and perceiving

Front 363

The personal unconscious

Back 363

Contains repressed material

Front 364

The collective unconscious

Back 364

Consists of archetypes, or universally shared predispositions toward feeling, thinking, and perceiving

Front 365

Adler's Individual Psychology

Back 365

Believed that pathological behavior represents a maladaptive and defensive attempt to overcompensate for feelings of inferiority

Front 366

According to Adler, when a child adopts compensatory patters on behavior as defense mechanisms, the result is:

Back 366

A socially-maladaptive style of life

Front 367

The goal of Adlerian therapy is:

Back 367

To help a client replace a mistaken style of life

Front 368

Neo-Freudians include who?

Back 368

Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm

Front 369

Neo-Freudians emphasize:

Back 369

Social and cultural determinants of personality

Front 370

Karen Horney focused on:

Back 370

Relationships

Front 371

Sullivan emphasized:

Back 371

The importance of relationships throughout the lifespan

Front 372

Fromm was interested in:

Back 372

The effects of societal structures and dynamics on personality

Front 373

Some popular Ego-Analysts include:

Back 373

Anna Freud and Heinz Hartmann

Front 374

Ego-Analysts place greater emphasis on:

Back 374

The ego's role in personality development and pathology. They focus on the non-defensive functions of the ego, and believed that pathology results when the ego loses its autonomy from the id

Front 375

Popular Object Relations theorists:

Back 375

Mahler, Winnicott, Kernberg, Fairburn

Front 376

Object Relations Theory focuses on:

Back 376

Internal representations of self or others, which are called introjects.

Front 377

Introjects

Back 377

Internal representations of self or others

Front 378

According to object-relations theory, an emotionally impoverished childhood environment leads to:

Back 378

Problems related to the formation of introjects; In turn, the damaged or weak introjects result in interpersonal and intrapersonal difficulty, such as splitting and an unstable self-image

Front 379

Analytic or Complex psychology was established by:

Back 379

Carl Jung

Front 380

According to Jung, the unconscious exists on two levels. They are called:

Back 380

The individual (or personal) unconscious and the collective unconscious

Front 381

Individual (or personal) unconscious arises from:

Back 381

Repression

Front 382

Collective unconscious refers to the part of a person's unconscious which is common to all:

Back 382

Human beings

Front 383

The collective unconscious contains:

Back 383

Latent, inherited memories of one's cultural past, archetypes, and prehuman memories

Front 384

According to Jung, archetypes are:

Back 384

Motifs, images or symbols that exist prior to experience

Front 385

According to Jung, the four main forms of archetypes are:

Back 385

The Self, the Shadow, the Anima, and the Animus

Front 386

Jung's analytic therapy is aimed at:

Back 386

Bringing unconscious contents to consciousness

Front 387

According to Jung, the more aware of the personal unconscious one becomes:

Back 387

The more of the collective unconscious is revealed and one's psyche internally self-regulates and neurosis resolves

Front 388

Trait Theory:

Back 388

In psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior.

Front 389

Extraversion reflects:

Back 389

A turning outward

Front 390

Adler believed that children adopt "compensatory patterns of behaviors" as defense mechnisms in order to overcome:

Back 390

Feelings of inferiority

Front 391

Adler's concept of "compensatory actions" is also referred to as:

Back 391

"Style of life"

Front 392

Adler believes that the neurotic, psychotic, and delinquent are striving to overcome:

Back 392

Feelings of inferiority through unproductive lifestyles

Front 393

Adlerian psychotherapy can be divided into how many stages?

Back 393

Twelve

Front 394

Adlerian psychotherapy can be divided into how many phases?

Back 394

Six

Front 395

What do the stages of Adlerian psychotherapy represent?

Back 395

Progressive strategies for awakening a client's underdeveloped feeling of community

Front 396

The goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is:

Back 396

To help a client replace a "mistaken style of life" with a healthier and more adaptive one

Front 397

Adlerian therapy focuses on:

Back 397

Exploring with patients the determinants of their life styles (such as family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, birth order) and integrates the interpretation of dreams, resistances, and transferences.

Front 398

The use of role-plays in Adlerian psychotherapy is to:

Back 398

Help develop new behavior

Front 399

Name two programs that are based on Adler's approach:

Back 399

STET (Systemic Training for Effective Teaching) and STEP (Systemic Teaching for Effective Parenting)

Front 400

The neo-Freudians downplayed:

Back 400

The importance of instinctual forces

Front 401

The neo-Freudians focused on:

Back 401

Social and cultural determinants of personality

Front 402

Karen Horney proposed that certain parental behaviors (e.g. indifference, overprotection, rejection) cause the child to experience:

Back 402

Basic anxiety - a feeling of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world

Front 403

Horney believed that to defend against basic anxiety, children:

Back 403

Adopt certain modes of relating to others

Front 404

Horney's "modes of relating to others" include:

Back 404

Movement toward others, movement against others, or movement away from others

Front 405

The healthy individual, according to Horney, does WHAT with the three modes of relating to others?

Back 405

Intengrates them

Front 406

Sullivan recognized the role of cognitive experience in:

Back 406

Personality development

Front 407

Sullivan identified 3 modes of cognitive experience which develop sequentially in the infant:

Back 407

1) Prototaxic mode
2) Parataxic mode
3) Syntaxic mode

Front 408

Protaxic mode refers to:

Back 408

The experiences before language symbols are used and involves discrete, unconnected momentary states. It occurs in the first months of life and may characterize the experience of schizophrenics.

Front 409

Parataxic mode refers to:

Back 409

Involves private or autistic symbols. The person sees causal connections between events that are not actually related. The connections serve the developing self and reduce anxiety.

Front 410

Syntaxic Mode:

Back 410

Involves symbols that have shared meaning and logical, sequential, and consistent thinking. It emergest at around the end of the 1st year of life and underlies language aquistion

Front 411

Sullivan believed that neurotic behavior is often caused by:

Back 411

Parataxic distortions, which occur as a result of arrest at the parataxic mode

Front 412

Parataxic distortions occur when:

Back 412

The individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his or her early life.

Front 413

What did Fromm emphasize in personality development?

Back 413

The role of societal factors (How society prevents individuals from realizing their true nature)

Front 414

Fromm identified five character styles that a person may adopt in response to the demands of society. They are:

Back 414

The receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding, the marketing, and the productive (only the productive style permits a person to realize his true human nature)

Front 415

Ego-analysts include:

Back 415

Anna Freud, David Rappaport, and Heinz Hartmann

Front 416

Ego-analysts emphasize:

Back 416

The ego's role in personality dev't.

Front 417

Ego-analysts distinguish between two ego functions:

Back 417

Ego-defensive functions and ego-autonomous fountions

Front 418

Ego-defensive functions are involved in:

Back 418

The resolution of conflict

Front 419

Ego-autonomous functions include:

Back 419

Adaptive, non-conflict laded functions such as learning, memory, speech, and perception

Front 420

Ego-analysts view healthy behavior as:

Back 420

Under conscious control

Front 421

How does ego-analysis differ from classical psychoanalysis?

Back 421

It places more emphasis on current experiences, less on transference and provides opportunities for "reparenting" and focuses on helping the client build more adaptive defenses.

Front 422

According to Object-Relations theory, an "object introject" is:

Back 422

The mental representation of a person (either the self or another)

Front 423

According to Object Relations theory, in a healthy environment, the infant's ego comes to develop representations of:

Back 423

Itself and others

Front 424

(Obj. Rel) By what age does the infant's ego come to a self-idenity and a level of ego strength that is needed to be able to maintain a representation of another person (object):

Back 424

3

Front 425

(Ob-Rel) If a person's age-appropriate development is delayed or skewed, the mental representations of the self and other people:

Back 425

Remain at an infantile or early childhood level

Front 426

(Obj Rel) People who have poor early caretaking do what to their representations of other people?

Back 426

Split

Front 427

A major difference between Freudian and neo-Freudian therapists is that neo-Freudians place a heavier emphasis on:

Back 427

Social and cultural determinants of personality

Front 428

Freudian and neo-Freudian therapists is that Freudians place a heavier emphasis on:

Back 428

Intrapsychic determinants of personality

Front 429

In Jungian therapy, a client who projects aspects of the personal and collective unconscious onto the therapist would be displaying:

Back 429

Transference

Front 430

Did Jung also recognize the importance of transference in the therapy setting?

Back 430

Yes. However, his conception of the unconscious differed from Freud's. Jung believed that the unconscious includes both a personal and collective (or shared) component.

Front 431

Sullivan's concept of paratoxic distortion is most similar to the Freudian notion of:

Back 431

Transference. Parataxic distortions occur when an individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his early life.

Front 432

From the perspective of ego-psychology, psychopathology results when the ego:

Back 432

loses its autonomy from the id

Front 433

Client-Centered Therapy is based on:

Back 433

The notion that clients' maladjustment stems from a discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self.

Front 434

Client-Centered Therapy believes that change occurs through:

Back 434

An environment in which a therapist provides unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness

Front 435

Existential Therapy focuses on:

Back 435

Conflict between the individual and the "ultimate concerns" of existence.

Front 436

The goal fo Existential Therapy is:

Back 436

To reduce neurotic anxiety

Front 437

The goal of Gestalt Therapy is:

Back 437

To engender full awareness of self, environment, and the self-environment interaction

Front 438

According to Gestalt Therapy, awareness leads to:

Back 438

Integration into a coherent gestalt, or whole

Front 439

Techniques of Gestalt Therapy include:

Back 439

Directed awareness, "I" statements, dream analysis, and the empty chair technique

Front 440

Reality therapy's basic goal is:

Back 440

To encourage the client to take responsibility for present behavior and feelings

Front 441

Reality therapy believes that change occurs when:

Back 441

The client's "failure idenity" is replaced by a "success identity"

Front 442

Transactional Analysis aims to:

Back 442

Simplify the client's understanding of unhealthy interactions

Front 443

Transactional analysis assumes that there are three distinct ego states that all people function within. They are:

Back 443

The child, the adult, and the parent

Front 444

The goal of Transactional Analysis is:

Back 444

To get people to understand their patterns of behavior and let their adult ego state take control of transactions

Front 445

Feminist Therapy maintains that many of the problems reported by women who seek therapy are due to:

Back 445

Sexism and gender-based oppression

Front 446

The emphasis of feminist therapy is to:

Back 446

Model and support alternative social roles and options

Front 447

Humanistic approaches have been referred to as:

Back 447

"The third-force" in clinical psychology

Front 448

Humanistic approaches differ from psychodynamic/CBT (which rely on deterministic views of personality) by:

Back 448

Approaching stress individuality and the inherent capacity for growth and change

Front 449

Carl Roger's created what type of therapy?

Back 449

Client-centered

Front 450

Rogers' client-centered therapy is based on the notion that:

Back 450

We all have a self-actualizing tendency, or a capacity for natural growth, constructive change, and self-understanding, that guides and motivates us.

Front 451

Rogers believed it was necessary for the self to be organized, unified, and whole for growth/change/understanding to occur. When there is a conflict between the self-concept and the person's experience it's called:

Back 451

An incongruence

Front 452

According to Roger's, incongruencies are:

Back 452

selectively perceived, distorted, or denied since the need to maintain a positive view of the self is crucial

Front 453

Incongruencies can lead to maladjustments, which leaves the person vulnerable to:

Back 453

anxiety, threat, and disorganization

Front 454

The goal of client-centered therapy is:

Back 454

To decrease the incongruence between the real self and the ideal self and realize the capacity for self-actualization

Front 455

Rogers believes there are three facilitative conditions that result in growth. They are:

Back 455

Accurate empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruence/genuineness

Front 456

Accurate empathic understanding:

Back 456

Refers to the degree to which the therapist is able to empathize with the client, encouraging change by viewing the world the same way and conveying that to the client

Front 457

Unconditional positive-regard:

Back 457

Refers to the therapist truly caring about the client, affirming the client's value as a person, and accepting the client without judgment.

Front 458

Congruence/Genuineness:

Back 458

Refers to the therapist being genuine, honest, and showing congruence between words and actions. Incongruence or lack of genuiness can lead to a lack of trust.

Front 459

Existential psychotherapy holds that personality is an outgrowth of:

Back 459

The struggle between the individual and the "ultimate concerns" of existence (death, isolation, etc.)

Front 460

Existential psychologists distinguish between two types of anxiety:

Back 460

1) normal anxiety ("existential anxiety"
2) neurotic anxiety

Front 461

Normal anxiety, unlike neurotic anxiety, is:

Back 461

1) proportionate to its cause 2) does not require require repression
3) can be used constructively as a catalyst to identify and confront the dilemma from which it arose

Front 462

According to existential theory, Neurotic anxiety is the result of:

Back 462

Not facing normal, or existential anxiety

Front 463

According to existential theory, neurotic anxiety commonly manifests as:

Back 463

A loss of a subjective sense of free will and an inability to take responsibility for one's own life

Front 464

The goals of existential therapy are:

Back 464

1) Eliminate neurotic anxiety to the degree possible
2) Help the client learn to tolerate the unavoidable existential anxiety of living

Front 465

Techniques of existential therapy include:

Back 465

1) Identifying instances when the patient avoids responsibility for his/her life
2) Helping the patient to reconsider options and make decisions
3) Point out how grief reactions and sadness about life milestones are related to underlying fears of isolation and death

Front 466

The goal for client-therapist relationship, according to existential theory, is:

Back 466

To develop an authentic and intimate relationship between the therapist and the client

Front 467

Logotherapy is a form of existential therapy developed by:

Back 467

Victor Frankl

Front 468

Logotherapy postulates the primary motivational force in human beings is:

Back 468

The search for a meaning in life

Front 469

Frankl's basic beliefs regarding the philosophy of Logotherapy include:

Back 469

1) Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones
2) Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life
3) We have freedom to find meaning in what we do and what we experience

Front 470

What are the three tenets (or "cornerstones") of existential analysis?

Back 470

Freedom of will, will to meaning and the meaning of life

Front 471

Gestalt Therapy was developed by who?

Back 471

Fritz Perls

Front 472

Gestalt therapy focuses on:

Back 472

The here and now

Front 473

The here and now encourages clients to:

Back 473

Gain awareness and fully experience the present

Front 474

Gestalt therapy is mased on the idea that each person is capable of:

Back 474

Assuming responsiblity and living fully as a whole, integrated person

Front 475

In the term "Figure-Ground", what does each word represent?

Back 475

Figure: What a person is paying attention to

Ground: What a person is not noticing

Front 476

Perl's "Gestalt Therapy" views it's theory of personality on:

Back 476

"The Self" and "The Self-Image"

Front 477

According to Gestalt Therapy, "The Self" promotes:

Back 477

Actualization, growth, and awareness

Front 478

According to Gestalt Therapy, "The Self-Image" imposes:

Back 478

External standards on the self and impairs self-actualization and growth

Front 479

(Gestalt Therapy): Perls used the term "contact" to refer to:

Back 479

Interacting with nature and others without losing one's individuality

Front 480

(Gestalt Therapy): Resistances to contact, or "boundary disturbances", are:

Back 480

The defenses that one develops as a self-protective attempt to avoid the anxiety necessitated by change and prevents full experiencing in the present

Front 481

What are the "resistances to contact" or "boundary disturbances" that may result in a person who is more controlled by the self-image than then self (Gestalt Tx)?

Back 481

Introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence, and isolation

Front 482

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is Introjection?

Back 482

Uncritcally absorbing information without actually understanding or assimilating it (child accepting parent's beliefs)

Front 483

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is projection?

Back 483

As in psychoanalyic theory, projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else

Front 484

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is retroflection?

Back 484

A substitution of self for the environment, in which a person does to him/herself what he/she wants to do to others

Front 485

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is deflection?

Back 485

The avoidance of contact and/or awareness by being vague, indirect, or overly polite

Front 486

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is Confluence?

Back 486

The result of a too thin or permeable boundary between self and environment; a person does not experience self as distinct. Rather, the self is merged into the beliefs, attitudes, and feelings of others

Front 487

(Gestalt Therapy)
What is isolation?

Back 487

In isolation, the awareness of a boundary between self and environment becomes nonexistent, and all understanding of the importance of others for the self is lost

Front 488

From the perspective of Gestalt Therapy, awareness is everything. As we become aware of our needs...

Back 488

we organize our behavior toward meeting those needs

Front 489

(Gestalt Therapy)
A fully aware person is one who is:

Back 489

Able to interpret the present situation and appropriately self-regulate the boundaries between self and environment

Front 490

What is the goal of Gestalt Therapy?

Back 490

Awareness of the environment, the self, and the nature of the self-environment boundary

Front 491

According to Gestalt Therapy, rather than working through the origins of an issue, such as transference, the therapist:

Back 491

Treats it as a fantasy getting in the way of true self-awareness

Front 492

What are some techniques used when practicing Gestalt Therapy?

Back 492

"I" statements, dream analysis, and the empthy chair technique

Front 493

Who developed Reality Therapy?

Back 493

Glasser

Front 494

Reality Therapy is based on "Choice Therapy", which emphasizes personal responsibility and balance of 5 basic needs:

Back 494

1) Survival
2) To love and belong
3) Power
4) Freedom
5) Fun

Front 495

(Reality Therapy)
Basic Need: SURVIVAL

Back 495

Needs such as breathing, digesting, and sweating

Front 496

(Reality Therapy)
Basic Need: TO LOVE AND BELONG

Back 496

Such as the need for friends and family

Front 497

(Reality Therapy)
Basic Need: POWER

Back 497

Such as the need for esteem, recognition, and competition

Front 498

(Reality Therapy)
Basic Need: FREEDOM

Back 498

Such as the need to make choices

Front 499

(Reality Therapy)
Basic Need: FUN

Back 499

Need for play, laughter, learning, and recreation

Front 500

(Reality Therapy)
When an individual is able to meet his needs responsibily (in a realistic way in which the rights of others are not infringed upon), the person has:

Back 500

A "success identity"

Front 501

(Reality Therapy)
When a person meets his or her needs in an irresponsble manner, the person has adopted:

Back 501

A "failure identity"

Front 502

How does change occur, according to Reality Therapy?

Back 502

When the client's "failure identity" is replaced by a "success identity"

Front 503

What is the basic idea of Reality Therapy?

Back 503

Focusing the client on present behavior, enabling him or her to be realistic in fulfilling his or her needs without harming self or others, and encouraging him or her to take responsibility for his/her actions

Front 504

What are some techniques used in Reality Therapy?

Back 504

Humor, Role Playing, Confronting the client, Formulating plans

Front 505

Reality therapy uses the WDEP system. What does each letter stand for?

Back 505

W: Exploring the clients wants/perceptions.
D: Direction or what they are doing (acting, thinking, feeling) to get what they want
E: Evaluate whether client's behavior is getting him closer or further from goal
P: Planning or creating and implementing a workable plan to make positive changes

Front 506

Can Reality Therapy be used similarly to Adlerian Therapy to be applied to settings such as schools/institutions?

Back 506

Yes (i.e., Glasser's SWF: School Without Failure) program

Front 507

Who developed Transactional Analysis?

Back 507

Eric Berne

Front 508

Transactional Analysis is based on two notions. What are they?

Back 508

1) We have functional ego-states to our personality
2) The internal models converse with one another in transactions inter and intrapersonally

Front 509

Define EGO STATES according to Transactional Analysis

Back 509

The child, the parent, and the adult. An ego state is activated at any point in time and interactions and communications between, or among, people (transactions) are predominantly between ego states

Front 510

Define STROKES according to Transactional Analysis

Back 510

A unit of interpersonal contact or recognition that takes place between ego states at two levels (social and covert). Strokes can be positive or negative.

Front 511

Define SCRIPTS according to Transactional Analysis

Back 511

Refers to a person's life plan. It is developed early through interactions w/parents & others, and reflects the person's characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes. An unhealthy script leads to maladaptive behavior.

Front 512

Define "LIFE POSITIONS" according to Transactional Analysis:

Back 512

Refers to the view a person has of one self in relation other people around him, primarily as a result of experiences w/parents during childhook

Front 513

What are the four main existential life positions according to Transactional Analysis?

Back 513

1) I'm ok - you're ok (healthy life position all children start off with)
2) I'm ok - you're not ok
3) I'm not ok - you're ok
4) I'm not ok - you're not ok

Front 514

Define "TRANSACTIONS" according to Transactional Analysis:

Back 514

Refers to the communication exchanges between people. Three types of communications, or transactions, between the three ego states include: Complementary, crossed, and ulterior

Front 515

Describe Complementary Transactions according to Transactional Analysis:

Back 515

Can occur among any combination of ego states and involve the original communication being met with the appropriate response

Front 516

Why was Self-In-Relation theory developed?

Back 516

To better understand the experience and development of the self in women, although it has also been considered useful for understanding male development

Front 517

What does "mutuality" in Self-In-Relation Theory refer to?

Back 517

The notion of mutuality refers to relationships being viewed as reciprocal, in which both affect the other, and are affected by the other

Front 518

Diagnosis in client-centered therapy is:

Back 518

Discouraged b/c it focuses attention on a particular disorder

Front 519

Client-centered therapy:

Back 519

Client-centered therapy attempts to put the focus ont he client's interpersonal skills, utilizing an effective cleint-therapist interaction in creating positive change

Front 520

Rogers viewed diagnosis and treatment as:

Back 520

Being too rigid b/c attention is paid to the specific disorder and not to the person in general

Front 521

How do Gestalt therapists deal with transference?

Back 521

By redirecting the client from the "fantasy" of the transference to the reality of the here-and-now

Front 522

A fundamental tenet of feminist therapy is de-mystification of and equality in the doctor-patient relationship. Thus, a feminist therapist would most likely consider a woman to be:

Back 522

The expert on her own problems

Front 523

Beck's Cognitive Therapy (CT):

Back 523

Attempts to identify and modift dysfunctional cognitions - including automatic thoughts, logical errors, and underlying assumptions ("schema") - that cause maladaptive behavior and emotional responding

Front 524

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET):

Back 524

Based on the premise that maladaptive behavior stems from irrational beliefs about life events; the therapy attempts to modify these beliefs and replace them with more appropriate, rational ones

Front 525

Self-Control Techniques:

Back 525

Involve the self-administration of treatment procedures. They include self-monitoring and stimulus control

Front 526

Stress Inoculation Training:

Back 526

A procedure used to treat aggressive or implusive behavior. 3 steps: 1) educate client as to how faulty cognitions prevent appropriate and adaptive coping; 2) client rehearses new skills and new ways of thinking about stressful situations; 3) client applies what he has learned to real/imagined situations

Front 527

Hypnosis:

Back 527

A state of relaxed wakefulness, with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness. Used as an adjunct in the treatment of disorders and symptoms such as dissociative conditions, fugue states, PTSD, cigarette smoking, overeating, and substance abuse

Front 528

Biofeedback:

Back 528

Patient is attached to an apparatus that measures a physiological response. Patient given continuous feedback about this response and asked to modify it.

Front 529

Paradoxical Intention:

Back 529

Involves instructing clients to do the things they fear

Front 530

Guided Imagery:

Back 530

Imagery techniques used to help with the reduction of anxiety and compulsive behaviors

Front 531

Cognitive therapy is premised on the notion that how one thinks largely determines:

Back 531

How one feels and behaves

Front 532

Automatic Thoughts:

Back 532

Spontaneous thoughts that arise in response to specific stimuli or situations and reflect one's appraisal of a situation rather than the situation itself

Front 533

Schema (Core Beliefs or Underlying Assumptions):

Back 533

Internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning in early life and which facilitate more efficient information processing

Front 534

Cognitive Distortions

Back 534

Systematic errors in reasoning that form the link b/t dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts

Front 535

Beck's Six Cognitive Distortions:

Back 535

1) Arbitrary Inference
2) Selective Abstraction
3) Overgeneralization
4) Magnification and Minimization
5) Personalization
6) Dichotomous Thinking

Front 536

What is the cognitive triad?

Back 536

Negative thoughts about the self, the future, and the world

Front 537

According to CT, how do depressed and anxious individuals differ in their cognitions?

Back 537

1) In depression, cognitions about hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure are more common; in anxiety, themes are usually related to anticipated harm or danger
2) Depressed patients are more likely to have absoluate thoughts about negative themes, while anxious individuals tend to have questioning thoughts about the uncertainty of future events

Front 538

Describe "Eliciting Automatic Thoughts"

Back 538

Involves questioning the client about automatic thoughts that occur in upsetting situation and asking the client to keep a daily log of the automatic thoughts

Front 539

Describe "Decatastrophizing"

Back 539

Also known as the "what if" technique, involving helping patients devise specific strategies for dealing with feared consequences

Front 540

Describe "Reattribution"

Back 540

Involves considering alternative causes of events

Front 541

Define "Redefining"

Back 541

Involves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the patient's control of it and often involves making a problem more concrete, specific, and stating it in terms of the patient's own behavior

Front 542

What is the purpose of "homework"?

Back 542

Allows the patient to apply cognitive principles b/t sessions. Typical assignments focus on self-observation and self-monitoring, structuring time effectively, and dealing with specific situations

Front 543

What does "activity scheduling" involve?

Back 543

Planning the patient's daily activities, with an emphasis on behaviors that increase the patient's sense of mastery and pleasure

Front 544

What are "Graded Task Assignments"?

Back 544

Assignments that involve small sequential steps that become more difficult and eventually lead to a desired goal

Front 545

What does "Hypothesis Testing" involve?

Back 545

Experimental tests of predictions that derive from the patient's automatic thoughts

Front 546

What does "Behavioral rehearsal and role-playing" involve?

Back 546

Practicing skills or technique in session and later applying in-vivo.

Front 547

What do "Diversion Techniques" include?

Back 547

Physical activity, social contact, work, play, and visual imagery (used to reduce strong emotions and decrease negative thinking)

Front 548

Rational Emotive Therapy, beveloped by Ellis, is based on his "ABC" theory of human disturbance, the element of which are:

Back 548

A - People experience undesirable events
B - They have rational and irrational beliefs about these events
C - They create appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences w/their rational beliefs or inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences w/their irrational belief

Front 549

What does RET attempt to modify?

Back 549

Irrational beliefs about life events

Front 550

What are some methods of helping clients identify irrational beliefs according to RET?

Back 550

Direct confrontation of irrational beliefs, contingency contracting, in-vivo desensitization, response prevention, and psychoed

Front 551

RET vs. CT

Back 551

1) RET holds that irrational thoughts lead to maladaptive behavior; CT holds that thoughts are dysfunctional when they interfere w/normal cognitive processing & not necessarily b/c they are irrational
2) RET is more heavily behavioral
3) In RET the therapist is more likely to directly challenge a patient's dysfunctional beliefs, while in CT, the patient is usually encouraged to test out these beliefs on his own

Front 552

Self-Control Techniques applies to those techniques in which the client is give:

Back 552

An active role in administering the treatment to himself. Includes: self-monitoring, stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment

Front 553

What is Meichenbaum known for developing?

Back 553

Stress inoculation training

Front 554

What are the three steps to Stress Inoculation Training?

Back 554

1) Cognitive preparation (education)
2) Skills acquisition
3) Practice (application)

Front 555

Beck: CT

Back 555

Views pathology as being caused by automatic thoughts, logical errors, and dysfunctional schemata

Front 556

Ellis: RET

Back 556

Contends that patient's problems are caused by too many "shoulds" and "musts" in their belief system

Front 557

In the terminology of general systems theory, a disruption to the family's homeostasis is referred to as:

Back 557

Positive Feedback

Front 558

In the terminology of general systems theory, positive feedback:

Back 558

Encourages changes that disrupt family homeostasis and deviate from the status quo

Front 559

In the terminology of general systems theory, negative feedback occurs when:

Back 559

Change is discouraged and homeostasis in maintained

Front 560

Double-Bind communications occurs when:

Back 560

Two parts of the same communication contradict each other and causes frustration to the person receiving the message

Front 561

Extended family systems therapy is most concerned with:

Back 561

Increasing differentiation of self among all family members. A lack of differentiation leads to triangulation, emotional cutoff, and other problems.

Front 562

A family system with diffuse boundaries is likely to be:

Back 562

Enmeshed (leading to autonomy being impossible)

Front 563

A family system with rigid boundaries is likely to be:

Back 563

Disengaged (leading to isolation)

Front 564

Operant Interpersonal Therapy recommends the use of a "quid pro quo" approach among couples, meaning:

Back 564

Reciprocal reinforcement (give a little, get a little)

Front 565

Operant Interpersonal Therapy is not based on Family Systems Therapy. Instead, it's based on:

Back 565

Operant conditioning

Front 566

The setting of short-term goals is done during which stage of crisis intervention?

Back 566

Implementation

Front 567

The goals of brief psychotherapy include:

Back 567

a) Restore the client to his previous level of functioning; b) Address the client's most severe symptoms; c) Gain insight into the origins of the problems

Front 568

A solution-focused therapist would most likely ask what type of a question?

Back 568

A miracle question (to help clients shift from focusing on their problems to focusing on potential solutions)

Front 569

What is a "miracle question"?

Back 569

A question asked in Solution-Focused Therapy that asks the patient to visualize the absence of the problem and the resultant effect.

Front 570

The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory would not be a good predictor of:

Back 570

Job Success - Interest tests have moderate to good validity for predicting factors relating to interest, such as job choice, job motivation, etc. However they are not useful for predicting job performance or job success

Front 571

What is content-based keying?

Back 571

When items on an exam are chosen by experts in a particular field

Front 572

Define Acculturation:

Back 572

The conditioning of one cultural group or individual to the traits, values, and social patterns of another cultural group

Front 573

Define Active Empathy:

Back 573

Refers to when therapists actively communicate appreciation about all aspects of clients' lives

Front 574

Define Adlerian/Individual psychology:

Back 574

Based on the belief that all human behavior has a purpose and is goal-oriented; Indicates emotional difficulties result from feelings of inferiority and a lack of a sense of community

Front 575

Goal of Adlerian/Individual psychology:

Back 575

Reduce feelings of inferiority and increase social participation by helping a client replace a "mistaken style of life" by identifying, exploring the determinants of their life styles, and changing mistaken goals and beliefs

Front 576

Define Alloplastic

Back 576

Refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment

Front 577

Define Anticipatory Anxiety

Back 577

Anxiety caused by the expectation of anxiety in a particular situation

Front 578

Define Autoplastic

Back 578

Refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one's own behavior or responses; "self change"

Front 579

Define Behavioral Family Therapy

Back 579

It is guided by the principles of reinforcement, behavior shaping, consistency, and contracts for immediate goals and an action plan

Front 580

Define Behavioral Rehearsal

Back 580

In-session practice of a desired behavior. Used as a part of a number of therapisted, including assetiveness training, stress inoculation, and Beck's CT

Front 581

Describe Berry's Acculturation Model:

Back 581

Berry's 2-dimensional model proposes four possible outcomes of the acculturation process: integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization

Front 582

According to Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, when does family dysfunction result in disengaged families?

Back 582

When boundaries are too rigid. Conversely, families are enmenshed when boundaries are permeable.

Front 583

Define Calibration:

Back 583

In families, the rule that governs the limits of behavior (associated w/the concept of homeostasis)

Front 584

What does Choice Theory state?

Back 584

All individuals are motivated by five factors: survival or self-preservation, belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence, fun or enjoyment. It underlies reality therapy.

Front 585

Describe Closed Family System

Back 585

Family system in which honest self-expression is viewed as deviant and differences are treated as dangerous

Front 586

Define Cognitive Triad

Back 586

Beck's notion that depression is based on negative beliefs about self, future, and the world

Front 587

What is "Communication/Interaction Family Therapy"?

Back 587

Focuses on communication processes. Differentiates between symmetrical communication, complementary communication, and double-bind communication

Front 588

Define Symmetrical Communication:

Back 588

Between equals with possibility of escalating into a game of one-upsmanship

Front 589

Define Complementary Communication:

Back 589

Between unequally positioned individual with emphasis on differences

Front 590

What does CULTURAL ENCAPSULATION refer to?

Back 590

The tendency of counselors to interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes.

Front 591

What does CULTURAL UNIVERSALITY refer to?

Back 591

The assumption that Western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across all cultures

Front 592

What is DIAGNOSTIC OVERSHADOWING?

Back 592

The tendency to attribute all emotional, social, and behavioral problems to one salient characteristic or diagnosis instead of considering other, alternative explanations.

Front 593

According to Bowen, what is DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF?

Back 593

The relative degree of independence of the self from others is a relationship system.

Front 594

According to Minuchin, what is DISENGAGEMENT?

Back 594

The psychological isolation that results when there are strong, impenetrable, or rigid boundaries between individuals or subsystems in a family.

Front 595

What are DISTAL FACTORS?

Back 595

External, objective events and conditions.

Front 596

Describe DOUBLE-BIND according to Communications Theory:

Back 596

The conflict created when an individual receives two conflicting messages at different levels of abstraction.

Front 597

According to psychoanalysis, what is the EGO?

Back 597

The part of the psychic structure which mediates with reality, and encompasses all the self-preservative capacities

Front 598

Who are EGO-ANALYSTS?

Back 598

Theorists and practitioners who adopted a modified version of psychoanalysis that places greater emphasis on the role of the ego in personality functioning

Front 599

According to transactional analysis, what are EGO STATES?

Back 599

Parent, child, and adult - All distinct and independent levels of psychological functioning that we all adopt, depending on the circumstances.

Front 600

According to Bowen, what is EMOTIONAL CUTOFF?

Back 600

Flight from an unresolved emotional attachment

Front 601

According to Structural Family Therapy, what is enactment?

Back 601

A technique involving a simulation of the transactions that make up a family structure.

Front 602

According to Minuchin, when does a family have ENMESHED BOUNDARIES?

Back 602

When there are diffuse psychological boundaries between subsystems and between individuals. Results in a loss of autonomy and is characterized by a high degree of resonance and reactivity between individuals.

Front 603

Describe EQUIFINALITY

Back 603

Refers to general systems theory concept that states that no matter where one enters the system, the patterning will be the same (different causes will produce the same results)

Front 604

Describe EQUIPOTENTIALITY

Back 604

Refers to the concept in general systems theory that a sungle cause may produce different results

Front 605

Who developed EXTENDED FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY?

Back 605

Bowen

Front 606

Describe EXTENDED FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY

Back 606

Expands beyond the nuclear family w/emphasis on individual family members' intellectual and emotional differentiation

Front 607

List some techniques of EXTENDED FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY:

Back 607

Genograms, therapeutic triangle, multigenerational transmission process, undifferentiated family ego mass, and differentiation of self

Front 608

What is the emphasis of EXISTENTIAL THERAPY?

Back 608

The present and the future, with focus on free will, responsibility for choices and the search for meaning and purpose through the human condition of suffering, love and work

Front 609

Who is EYSENCK?

Back 609

A researcher who anayzed studies of therapy outcome.

Front 610

How are FEEDBACK LOOPS associated with family therapy theory?

Back 610

A system receives info through a feedback loop. A negative feedback loop helps maintain the system's equilibrium, reduces deviation and sustains its status quo, while a positive feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system with either exponential growth or decline.

Front 611

When does a FIXATION occur?

Back 611

When an individual becomes stuck in a stage of development that has been attained successfully, and returns to that stage in response to life problems that become too difficult to cope with in a current stage of development

Front 612

Describe GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY:

Back 612

A system is characterized by the interactions of its components and knowing one part of a system can infer info about another part.

Front 613

Discuss GESTALT THERAPY:

Back 613

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"; Humanistic, here-and-now approach; Views neurosis as a "growth disorder" indicating "boundary disturbances" and abandonment of the self for the self image.

Front 614

What is the goal of GESTALT THERAPY?

Back 614

To engender full awareness of self, environment, and the self-environement interaction. Techniques include "I" Statements, dream analysis, and the empty chair technique.

Front 615

What is "HEALTHY CULTURAL PARANOIA"?

Back 615

A normal, nonpathological response of mistrust and suspiciousness by ethnic minorities to oppression and racism, which may result in nondisclosure therapy

Front 616

What is the "HEALTH BELIEF MODEL"?

Back 616

An attempt to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

Front 617

What are the 6 stages of HELMS' WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL?

Back 617

Contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy.

Front 618

What is HETERONORMATIVITY?

Back 618

The assumption that everyone is heterosexual and that heterosexuality is superior to homosexuality and bisexuality.

Front 619

What is HIGH-CONTEXT COMMUNICATION?

Back 619

Relied on nonverbal cues, cultural understanding and inference, tends to beexhibited in members of many culturally diverse groups

Front 620

What is LOW-CONTEXT COMMUNICATION?

Back 620

Primarily direct, verbal messages (mostly exhibited by Anglos in America)

Front 621

HOFSTEDE identified 5 Cultural Dimensions. What are they?

Back 621

Power distance index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and Long-Term Orientation (LTO)

Front 622

Howard et al proposed a 3 stage model of psychotherapy. What are the stages?

Back 622

1) Remoralization, 2) Remediation, and 3) Rehabilitation

Front 623

What type of therapy is sometimes referred to as "The Third Force"?

Back 623

Humanistic Psychology

Front 624

What does HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY emphasize?

Back 624

An individual's inherent capacity for growth, creativity, and self-actualization. The focus is on the person's feeling state.

Front 625

What type of "complex" did ADLER talk about in his theory?

Back 625

Inferiority complex

Front 626

What is an "INFERIORITY COMPLEX"?

Back 626

A constellation of feelings originating in childhood that the person wishes to overcome, and by doing so, develops particular character formations.

Front 627

What is INTERPERSONAL THERAPY?

Back 627

Views mental disorders as illnesses and focuses on symptom reduction in addition to improving interpersonal relationships.

Front 628

What is the difference between INTROJECTION in object relations and gestalt theories?

Back 628

OR: A form of identification that takes in aspects of other people, which subsequently become a part of the self-image.
Gestalt: Involves absorbing the values or behaviors of others without really understanding or assimilating those values

Front 629

According to stuctural family therapy, what is JOINING?

Back 629

The therapeutic technique of adopting a family's typical behaviors and pattern of communication

Front 630

Explain Jungian (analytic) Psychotherapy:

Back 630

Personality development continues throughout the lifespan and behavior is determined by both the personal unconscious containing repressed material, and the collective unconscious, consisting of archetypes, or universally shared predispositions toward feeling, thinking, and perceiving.

Front 631

What does Frankl's LOGOTHERAPY state?

Back 631

The primary motivational force in human beings is the search for a meaning in life. There are 3 cornerstones: freedom of will, will to meaning, and the meaning of life.

Front 632

Describe MAHLER's Object Relations:

Back 632

Emphasized the separation, or individuation process which characterized the remainder of psychological development.

Front 633

What does MAHLER consider the 4-phases of individuation?

Back 633

Differentiation, Practicing, Rapprochement, and Libidinal Object Constancy

Front 634

Define MARGINALIZATION:

Back 634

A situation where a member of a minority group does not identify strongly with either the minority or the mainstream culture

Front 635

According to METACOMMUNICATION, every messages has two levels. What are they?

Back 635

Report (nonverbal) and Command (verbal)

Front 636

MILAN SYSTEMIC FAMILY THERAPY is an expansion of Strategic Therapy. What does it question?

Back 636

Utilizing hypothesizing (about the function of the symptom), neutrality, circularity, the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques to address overly rigid or fixed patterns of action/reaction

Front 637

What does MIMESIS mean and who uses it?

Back 637

Literally means imitation. Used by structural family therapists.

Front 638

What is a MIRACLE QUESTION?

Back 638

A technique used by solution-focused therapists, which invites the client to imagine what would be like if his problem was suddenly gone.

Front 639

What is MULTIDIMENSIONAL FAMILY THERAPY?

Back 639

A solution-focused, family-based intervention system used to assess and intervene w/substance-abusing or high risk problem behaviors

Front 640

Describe MULTISYSTEMIC THERAPY:

Back 640

Views individuals as being nested within a complex network of interconnected systems that encompass individual, family, and extrafamilial factors

Front 641

What is MULTISYSTEMIC THERAPY (MST) used for?

Back 641

It is a goal-oriented, intensive family- and community-based treatment that addresses the multiple determinants and factors in an individual's social network that are contributing to his behavior.

Front 642

Is NEGATIVE FEEDBACK a bad thing?

Back 642

Sort of. It refers to efforts to recalibrate a system that is in trouble and to restore the previous state of equilibrium; maintains the status quo or homeostatic balance of a family

Front 643

Describe PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THERAPY:

Back 643

George Kelly combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts. Personal construct theray emphasizes the effect of the individual's perspective on his experience of the world

Front 644

What is POSITIVE FEEDBACK?

Back 644

Feedback that forces a family into new ways of behaving by making old ways of behaving tenable. Often used to counteract negative feedback.

Front 645

What is PARADOXICAL INTENTION?

Back 645

A behavioral technique that asks clients to experience and exaggerate their anticipated anxiety in an attempt to assist them in developing changes in their attitudes and reactions to the feared condition or situation.

Front 646

What are PARATAXIC DISTORTIONS?

Back 646

Cognitive distortions that occur when a person deals with others as if they were signifcant persons from his early life. According to Sullivan, they are the primary cause of maladaptive behavior.

Front 647

What does PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY focus on?

Back 647

Focuses on the client's thoughts, feelings and natural ability for growth and self-actualization

Front 648

Define PRESCRIPTIVE MATCHING

Back 648

Matching themost effective treatments to a particular client needs

Front 649

What is PRIMARY PROCESS THINKING?

Back 649

From psychoanalysis, a type of thinking typical of dreams, small children, and slips of the tongue, with little or no rationality.

Front 650

What is PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION?

Back 650

A defense mechanism in which one or more unwanted parts of the self are falsely attributed to another, which are then unconsciously accepted, or identified with, by the recipient.

Front 651

What are PROXIMAL FACTORS?

Back 651

An individual's perceptions and appraisals of events and conditions

Front 652

Describe Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's RACIAL/CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

Back 652

5 stages: Conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.

Front 653

What is RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY?

Back 653

A variation of CBT based on the premise that changing irrational thinking to more rational thoughts will lead to behavior changes and alleviation or improvement of Sx.

Front 654

What is REALITY THERAPY?

Back 654

Self-evaluation is a cornerstone of this therapy and the primary goal is to help clients identify their wants and needs and responsible and effective ways to satisfy them - developing a success identity.

Front 655

What does REALITY THERAPY focus on?

Back 655

Conscious processes, current behaviors and beliefs, an individual's ability to judge what is right and wrong, realistic planning for fulfilling needs and examining the attainability as well as the degree of commitment in attaining wants and needs.

Front 656

Who uses REFRAMING?

Back 656

Structural and strategic family therapists.

Front 657

What is REFRAMING?

Back 657

Therapists relabel or redefine a family's description of a behavior to make it more amenable to therapeutic intervention.

Front 658

What is RELABELING?

Back 658

Associated w/structural family therapy; defining the symptom in interpersonal terms rather than the individual ones usually presented by the family.

Front 659

What is a SCALING QUESTION?

Back 659

A solution-focused technique, it invites each family member to rate a situation to see how the problem is perceived by others

Front 660

According to transactional analysis, what are SCRIPTS?

Back 660

A life plan that is developed early in life and includes one's characteristic maner of giving and receiving "strokes"

Front 661

HEREK is associated with which concepts?

Back 661

Sexual prejudice and sexual stigma

Front 662

SMITH, GLASS, and MILLER used meta-analysis to determine what?

Back 662

The outcome of psychotherapy clients. The found that psychotherapy clients were better off than 80% of the untreated individuals who needed therapy.

Front 663

What do SOCIAL ROLE THEORISTS assert?

Back 663

Individuals in positions of lower power/status are better at reading/perceiving members of higher status groups that vice versa.

Front 664

Describe SOLUTION FOCUSED THERAPY

Back 664

Brief therapy which focuses on solutions to clients' problems rather than focusing on the problems or their causes. Includes miracle questions, scaling questions, and exception questions.

Front 665

Describe SOMATIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

Back 665

Focuses on bodily experiences and explores how these experiences are formed through the use of breathing, movement, sensory awareness, body metaphors, and one's spatial sense and boundaries.

Front 666

Describe STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY

Back 666

Brief therapy developed by HALEY; focuses on transactional patterns, triangular intergenerational relationships, the function and context of symptoms and symptom reduction using strategies such as directives, paradoxical techniques, and homework assignments.

Front 667

Describe STRESS INOCULATION

Back 667

A CBT technique designed to improve a client's coping skills through education, behavioral rehearsal, and imaginal and in-vivo exposure

Front 668

Define STROKES according to Transactional Analysis

Back 668

Recognition from others, which can be either positive or negative

Front 669

Describe MINUCHIN'S STRUCTURAL FAMILY THERAPY

Back 669

Posits families are structured in "subsystems" with "boundaries" and in order to change behavior patterns of family members needs to be changed.

Front 670

What are some techniques of MINUCHIN'S STRUCTURAL FAMILY THERAPY?

Back 670

Joining, mapping, enactment, boundary making, reframing and restructuring the family structure

Front 671

What is STRUCTURED LEARNING THERAPY (SLT)?

Back 671

A skills-training therapy, developed explicitly for enhancement purposes, involving: modeling, role playing, social reinforcement, and transfer training

Front 672

According to ADLER, what is STYLE OF LIFE referring to?

Back 672

An individual's pattern of behavior as manifested by his or her goals, attitudes toward others, manner of coping, etc. A "mistaken style of life" is one characterized by a lack of social interest.

Front 673

Describe the SUPEREGO

Back 673

According to psychoanalytic theory, the psychic structure that contains parental and societal standards of right and wrong (i.e., one's conscience)

Front 674

What is SYMMETRICAL COMMUNICATION?

Back 674

There is equality between the partners. However, this can result in competition and conflict.

Front 675

What is COMPLEMENTARY COMMUNICATION?

Back 675

There is inequality between the partners, with one partner taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role.

Front 676

Describe THOUGHT STOPPING

Back 676

A technique designed to interrupt the seemingly automatic chain of cognitions that are cues to acting impulsively or impulsively or lead to unwanted behavior (e.g. self-applying an aversive technique)

Front 677

What is TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS?

Back 677

An interactional approach that focuses on gaining the greatest possible benefit from the group environment. The therapist's ultimate objective is to provide the client with a level of awareness which enables him to make new decisions regarding future behavior and the future course of life

Front 678

Describe TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

Back 678

Includes the spiritual aspects of human experience. The transpersonal therapist uses an eclectic approach. There is an emphasis on the counselor's own presence, openness, and authenticity as central to the therapeutic process

Front 679

What did Freud believe TRANSFERENCE NEUROSIS was?

Back 679

When the transference reaction became so intense in a true analysis

Front 680

PROCHASKA and DICLEMENTE described a TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL. Describe it:

Back 680

Suggests the process of change involves the following stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

Front 681

What is TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT?

Back 681

Integrates cognitive and behavioral interventions w/interpersonal trust enhancement and empowerment focused traditional child abuses therapies for individuals ages 3-18 and their primary careproviders.

Front 682

Both BOWEN and MINUCHIN discuss TRIANGULATION, which is:

Back 682

A form of rigid triad involving usually two parents and a child. In triangulation, the two parents avoid conflict by involving the child, thereby stabilizing their own relationship.

Front 683

TROIDEN developed a model of gay/lesbian identity development. Describe the model:

Back 683

4-stages: Sensitization (an initial sense of difference); identity confusion; identity assumption; and indentity commitment.

Front 684

According to BOWENIAN FAMILY THERAPY, what is an UNDIFFERENTIATED EGO MASS?

Back 684

Occurs when egos of individual family members share a common ego boundary. Ego fusion is most intense in less mature (less differentiated) families.

Front 685

Punishment is discouraged in reality therapy b/c:

Back 685

It reinforces the failure identity. The goal of reality therapy is to help a client accept personal responsibility so that he sheds the "failure identity" and adopts a "success identity."

Front 686

MILTON ERIKSON - HYPNOTHERAPY focused on what?

Back 686

Finding/employing any strategy that was necessary to get the client(s) to give up the symptom, often utilizing PARADOXICAL DIRECTIVE (act ain an instuction to engage in the symptomatic behavior)

Front 687

Is the relationship between number of psychotherapy sessions and outcome of treatment positively or negatively accelerated?

Back 687

The relationship is not consistent. However, where a relationship has been found, most of the positive effects of duration occur during the earlier sessions. After that point, positive impact seems to level off. So, this is an example of a negatively accelerated curve

Front 688

The goal of GESTALT THERAPY is to increase the client's here-and-now awareness so that all aspects of self can be integrated into a coherent gestalt, or whole. How are dreams viewed?

Back 688

As representing parts of the self that the client is not aware of or cannot accept. The therapist who have the client act out parts of the dream in order to increase the client's awareness of disowned parts of self.

Front 689

The inquiry stage of the Rorschach administration is used to:

Back 689

Clarify responses and collect additional information, which will be useful for scoring.

Front 690

One of the major manipulations employed in STRUCTURAL FAMILY THERAPY (MINUCHIN) is to:

Back 690

Aim at unbalancing enmeshed alliances. In treating an enmeshed family, a structural family therapist would aim to upset the family's balance and restructure it, offering all members more autonomy.

Front 691

The theorist who viewed unhealthy behavior as a response to basic anxiety in which the person, in relating to others, over-relies on movement toward others, movement away from others, or movement against other is:

Back 691

Horney. She proposed that certain parental behaviors (e.g. indifference, overprotection, rejection) cause a child to experience basic anxiety, or a feeling of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world. To defend against this anxiety, the child adopts certain modes of relation to others. The healthy individual integrates all three "movements"

Front 692

The goal of BOWENIAN EXTENDED FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY is to:

Back 692

Increase the family's level of self differentiation, or ability to separate intellectual from emotional functioning. He preferred to work with one or two most differentiated family members, on the assumption that their improvements in therapy would spread to other family members.

Front 693

According to GESTALT THERAPY, "INTROJECTION" involves:

Back 693

Accepting the values and beliefs of others w/out really understanding them. Introjection is a boundary disturbance that involves absorbing information (including values, beliefs, etc.) w/out actually understanding or assimilating it.

Front 694

INTROJECTION in Gestalt Therapy can be healthy and unhealthy. What's the difference?

Back 694

It becomes unhealthy when it is used without awareness in a manner that opposes the goal of functioning as a coherent whole