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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vijayanagara |
Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi - Herat
15 century - 1440s Mixture of emotions and perceptions |
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Ibn Battuta |
1333, i.e., 14 century, Morocco
Mohammad bin Tughlaq (Delhi Sultunate) Appointed as qazi - Judge of Delhi
Book - Rihla (on social & cultural life) Hazards - robbers, homesick, ill health
Often compared with Marcopolo 1290s
Found cities full of opportunities, Bazaars Agriculture productive Textile trade thriving, state encourages merchants Efficient Postal system Tarababad
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Al Biruni |
11 century, Uzbekistan
1017
Book Kitab ul Hind - 80 chapters on various subjects Barriers - language, religious beliefs, self-absorption of local population Explained caste system - concept of pollution, intrinsic to caste system, was contrary to laws of nature. |
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Francois Bernier |
17 century, Frenchman 1656- 1668
Physician to mughal prince Later scientist with Danishmand Khan
Book - Travels in the Mughal Empire Criticism by comparision. Lack of private property prevented emergence of improving landlords.
But, Abul Fazl, 16 century official chronicler of Akbar's reign, describes revenue as "remuneration of sovereignty ", i.e., tax on crop. Artisans had no incentive to improve the quality of work since profits were appropriated by state. And worked in Karkhanas. Artisans had no incentive to improve the quality of work since profits were appropriated by state. And worked in Karkhanas.Extremely fertile land and artisan compelled by necessity
Extremely fertile land and artisan compelled by necessity Practice of Sati |
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Other travellers
Mahmud Wali Balkhi - 1620s
Shaikh Ali Hazin - 1740s Italian doctor Manucci - 17 century - settled in India |
Mahmud Balkhi became sort of sanyasi for a while |
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Jesuit Roberto Nobili |
Portuguese - 16 century
Translated indian texts |
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Duarte Barbosa |
Portuguese 16 century Detailed account of trade and society in south india |
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Jean Baptiste Tavernier |
French Trading conditions in india |
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Indian travellers after 1750 |
Shaik Itisamuddin Mirza Abu Talib |
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Antyaja |
Literally, born outside the system Though subjected to social oppression by providing inexpensive labour, were included within economic networks Example to negate the account of Rigid caste system described by Al Biruni |
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Bazaar
Tarababad |
Bazaar - not only places of economic transaction but also hub of social and cultural activities
Had mosques and temples
Tarababad - a market place in Daulatabad A place for male and female singers |
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Postal system Ibn Battuta |
Send info, remit credit across long diatances, dispatch goods reqd at short notice 2 kinds: Uluq - horse post, every 4 miles Dawa - foot post, three stations per mile Foot post quicker than horse post So, often used in transport of fruits from Khurasan |
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Bernier's thoughts influenced |
French philospher Montesque - oriental despotism - rulers enjoy absolute authority over subjects Further by Karl Marx (19 century) - surplus appropriated by state- egalitarian village communities. But, 16 & 17 centuries India saw considerable social and economic differentiation Zamindar, big peasant, small peasant, untouchable landless labourer. |
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Group of Merchants |
In Western India called - Mahajans Chief called Sheth Urban centers, mahajans collectively represented by chief called Nagarsheth Physician - hakim or vaid Teacher - pundir or mullah Etc |
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Slaves |
Female - experts in music and dance Sometimes Employed to keep a watch on nobles |
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Women |
European travellers and writers highlighted treatment of women as crucial marker of difference between Western and Eastern societies. But, women participated in agricultural, non agricultural, commercial activities. Sometimes even taking up mercantile disputes to the court of law |
