Transport In Plants

Front 1

Provide cytosolic connections among cells

Back 1

PLASMODESMATA

Front 2

cytoplasm MINUS the organelles

Back 2

CYTOSOL

Front 3

account for 90% of the plant's volume, but are NEVER shared by adjacent cells

Back 3

VACUOLES

Front 4

use energy from ATP to create a proton gradient and membrane potentials

Back 4

PROTON PUMP

Front 5

type of energy that can be used to perform cellular work

Back 5

POTENTIAL

Front 6

what helps to maintain the cell's shape?

Back 6

CELL WALL

Front 7

what regulates traffic of molecules into and out of the cell

Back 7

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Front 8

a combined measure of solute concentration and pressure

Back 8

WATER POTENTIAL

Front 9

water potential is a combined measure of ________ and _________

Back 9

SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND PRESSURE

Front 10

Oxygen is taken in by the ______ of a plant, and is a by-product of PSN

Back 10

ROOTS

Front 11

substances can move from cell to cell via the ______, ________, or ________ routes

Back 11

symplastic, apoplastic, transmembrane

Front 12

solutes tend to diffuse _______ their concentration gradient (up/down)

Back 12

DOWN

Front 13

diffusion across a membrane is what type of transport

Back 13

passive

Front 14

transport that is typically slow, unless solutes travel in proteins across the membrane

Back 14

passive

Front 15

some transport proteins are

Back 15

selective channels

Front 16

some selective channels are _______, which means that environmental stimuli are required to open/close them

Back 16

gated

Front 17

what type of transport requires energy to move substances UP a concentration gradient

Back 17

active transport

Front 18

what is the most common example of an active transport protein

Back 18

proton pump

Front 19

what do proton pumps create

Back 19

membrane potential

Front 20

what is the purpose of membrane potential?

Back 20

provides the energy to transport materials such as Potassium (K+) across a plasma membrane

Front 21

what is another purpose of membrane potential?

Back 21

provides the energy for co-transport of neutral ions UP their concentration gradient along with H+ ions--called "coupled transport)

Front 22

the diffusion of water across a membrane

Back 22

osmosis

Front 23

what would be helpful to know when trying to predict the amount of diffusion(the movement of water) in say, an animal cell?

Back 23

whether the solute concentration inside the cell is greater than or less than the solute concentration outside the cell

Front 24

what is another helpful thing to know when trying to predict diffusion?

Back 24

the pressure of the solutes inside and outside the cell

Front 25

Ψ aka psi is pronounced "SIGH" and is a symbol for

Back 25

water potential

Front 26

Ψ is measured in

Back 26

MPa (megapascals)

Front 27

what reduces the value of Ψ

Back 27

SOLUTES

Front 28

what increases the value of Ψ

Back 28

PRESSURE

Front 29

Negative _______ decreases the value of Ψ

Back 29

PRESSURE

Front 30

what is another word for negative pressure

Back 30

TENSION

Front 31

pure water in an open container would be __ MPa

Back 31

ZERO

Front 32

water potential= ______ + _______

Back 32

pressure potential + solute (osmotic) potential

Front 33

water will always move across a membrane from ______ to _____ psi (Ψ)

Back 33

HIGHER TO LOWER

Front 34

when a cell loses water to the environement, it

Back 34

plasmolyzes

Front 35

when a cell gains water from the environment, it

Back 35

becomes TURGID

Front 36

pressure that keeps cell membrane pressed against cell wall

Back 36

TURGOR

Front 37

transport proteins that form channels for water

Back 37

AQUAPORINS

Front 38

how do roots absorb water and minerals?

Back 38

solutes pass into roots from the dilute soil system

Front 39

what happens in the symplastic route?

Back 39

ACTIVE TRANSPORT occurs through PROTON PUMPS, which set up MEMBRANE POTENTIALS that drive the UPTAKE of MINERAL IONS

Front 40

what happens in the apoplastic route?

Back 40

some water and dissolved minerals passively diffuse into cell walls

Front 41

Ψp can be ______ , _____ , or ______but Ψs is always _____

Back 41

Ψp-- positive, zero, or negative
Ψs--NEGATIVE

Front 42

solute concentration is ________ ________ to water potential ;
pressure is _______ _______ to water potential

Back 42

inversely proportional;
directly proportional

Front 43

what is a flaccid cell?

Back 43

Ψp= 0

Front 44

solutes diffuse through the cell walls of the ______ and ______

Back 44

epidermis and cortex

Front 45

the innermost layer of the cortex

Back 45

endodermis

Front 46

what route is accessible at the endodermis? why is this?

Back 46

symplastic; b/c of the casparian strip

Front 47

regulates passage of substances into the vascular stele; no minerals reach vascular tissue of the root without crossing the selectively permeable membrane of the

Back 47

endodermis

Front 48

the final layer of live cells actively transports solutes into their

Back 48

cell walls

Front 49

after the final layer transports solutes into their cell walls, the solutes then diffuse into _______ _______ in order to be transported UPWARD

Back 49

xylem vessels

Front 50

the final layer may be _ or _

Back 50

--an endodermal cell
--a cell of the pericycle

Front 51

the outermost layer of stele

Back 51

pericycle

Front 52

fungus + roots
(idea that plants grow FASTER with the help of fungi)

Back 52

mycorrihizal mutualism

Front 53

in mycorrihizal mutualism, fungus helps the plant obtain __ and ___ . Plant feeds _____ to the fungus.

Back 53

water and minerals;
sugars

Front 54

some species have root nodules that provide the plant with fixed ____. In turn, the plant feeds ____ to the bacteria.

Back 54

Nitrogen
sugars

Front 55

apoplastic routes move ions

Back 55

BETWEEN CELLS, ALONG CELL WALLS

Front 56

symplastic routes move ions

Back 56

FROM CELL TO CELL THROUGH PLASMODESMATA

Front 57

nearly all energy to drive the xylem transport process comes from

Back 57

the sun

Front 58

unbroken chains of _ _ fill xylem vessels.

Back 58

water molecules

Front 59

the evaporation of water out of leaves

Back 59

transpiration

Front 60

water vapor escapes through the

Back 60

stomata

Front 61

transpiration creates what type of gradient?

Back 61

a water pressure gradient

Front 62

explain the water pressure gradient:

Back 62

Lower psi at the top is the tension that pulls water up from the the bottom.

Front 63

Water flows _______ through xylem vessels by ____ ____ down the pressure gradient

Back 63

upwards
bulk flow

Front 64

what is the xylem transfer of xylem sap also known as

Back 64

the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

Front 65

how do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?

Back 65

through the STOMATA

Front 66

what molecule is actively transported in and out of GUARD CELLS?

Back 66

K+

Front 67

when POTASSIUM concentration is HIGH, the amount of water is ____, and guard cells ______ stomata.

Back 67

HIGH
OPEN

Front 68

when POTASSIUM concentration is LOW, the amount of water is ____, and guard cells ______ stomata.

Back 68

LOW
CLOSE

Front 69

what stimulates the uptake of potassium? how does it do this?

Back 69

light
by guard cells opening stomata

Front 70

what STIMULATES the uptake of potassium by having guard cells OPEN the stomata?

Back 70

LOW CARBON DIOXIDE

Front 71

what INHIBITS the uptake of potassium by having guard cells CLOSE the stomata?

Back 71

LOW WATER AVAILABILITY

Front 72

when phloem tissue transports the organic products of photosynthesis throughout the plant in a solution called phloem sap

Back 72

translocation

Front 73

what is the sugar source of plants in the summer? why?

Back 73

the leaves; because they produce sugar via photosynthesis

Front 74

______ manufactured in leaves diffuse to phloem companion cells

Back 74

sugars

Front 75

companion cells actively transport sugars into _____ _____ members (elements)

Back 75

sieve-tube

Front 76

Food is translocated from sources to ______ according to the Pressure Flow Theory

Back 76

sinks

Front 77

at sources, sugars are actively transported into _______

Back 77

phloem

Front 78

water follows by osmosis from source cells and _____, creating ____ pressure

Back 78

xylem
high

Front 79

at the sink, sugars _____ ____ of the phloem and water follows by osmosis, creating ____ pressure

Back 79

diffuse out
low

Front 80

water may be taken up by the ___ ____ in the xylem

Back 80

transpiration stream

Front 81

not all herbivores chew leaves; some exploit ___

Back 81

sap

Front 82

Molecules often pass through plant membranes through special ______ proteins.

Back 82

TRANSPORT

Front 83

Water potential equals _____ potential plus ______ potential.

Back 83

PRESSURE
SOLUTE

Front 84

most of the energy that drives the transport of water through xylem vessels ultimately comes from

Back 84

THE SUN!

Front 85

what is the name of the cells surrounding stomata?

Back 85

GUARD CELLS

Front 86

can minerals travel by a completely apoplastic route from the soil into the water conucting vessels of the stele?

Back 86

NO; THEY MUST PASS THROUGH AT LEAST ONE MEMBRANE OR SOME CYTOPLASM TO PASS THROUGH THE ENDODERMIS!