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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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maintainence of a relatively stable internal environment by means of self-regulating mechanisms
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Negative feedback
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when a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, driving the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change
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Internal environment/homeostasis
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concentration of nutrient molecules
concentration of O2 and CO2 concentration of waste products pH concentration of H2O, salt, and other electrolytes temp volume and pressure |
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Body systems and homeostasis
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circulatory digestive
respiratory urinary skeletal muscular integumentary nervous endocrine reproductive immune |
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Cell membrane function
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physical isolation
regulation of exchange w/environment sensitvity (rxn to envrionment) structural support |
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Fluid mosaic model
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a fluid lipid bilayer embedded with proteins
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Phospholipid
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phosphate
glycerol fatty acids |
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Cholesterol
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needed to keep the membrane from being too tight
too much can stiffen membrane |
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Phospholipid properties
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forms the basic stx of the membrane
its hydrophobic interior serves a barrier to water soluble substances gives fluidity to membrane |
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Types of membrane proteins
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channels (for H2O soluble substances)
carriers (For specific substances) receptors (specific) membrane bound enzymes cell adhesions |
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Impermeable substances
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Membrane transport
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Diffusion
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Fick's Law
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Osmosis
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Osmolarity
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# of particles
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Tonicity
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direction in which H2O moves
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Permeable substances
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Membrane carbohydrates
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Chemical gradient
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he difference in concentration across the membrane
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Electrical gradient
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the difference in charge between 2 adjacent areas
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isotonic
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a solution in which the concentration of electrolyte is equal to that in cells (ex RBC in .9% salt solution)
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hypotonic
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a solution in which the concentration of electrolyte is below that in cells (H2O enters-lysing), hyperosmotic
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hypertonic
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a solution in which the concentration of electrolyte is higher to that in cells (H2O out-shrinking), hypoosmotic
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Donnan effect
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Channels
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Ligand gated channels
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External ligands
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Internal ligands
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Mechanically gated
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sound waves open up ion channels on the hair cells of the inner ear to create nerve impulses that the brain interprets as sound
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Excitable cells
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neurons and muscle cells
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Voltage gated
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channels in excitable cells the open or close with changes in charge across the plasma membrane
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Na+ channels
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K+ channels
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Ca+2 channel
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Carriers
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Facillitated diffusion
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Uniport carrier
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transports one thing across membrane
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symport carrier
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transports 2 things, in the same direction, across membrane
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antiport carrier
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transports 2 things, in opposite directions, across the membrane
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Na+/K+ ATPase
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active transport
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internal conc"
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.0001mM
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Ca+2 external environment
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10 mM
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H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump)
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Ca+2
ATPase |
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ABC transporters
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ABC transporter examples
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Indirect active transport
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uses the energy already stored in the gradient of a directly pumped ion
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KATP
channel |
involved in glucose regulation and sulfonylurea therapy (active transporter)
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Na+/Glucose transporter
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Resting membrane potential
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Membrane potential ions
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ions
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Equilibrium potential (E)
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when the conc. gradient is exactly counterbalanced by the electrical grad.(no net movement of ion)
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Nernst equation
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Ca+2 external environment
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10 mM
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Ca+2
internal conc |
.0001mM
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antiport carrier
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transports 2 things, in opposite directions, across the membrane
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symport carrier
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transports 2 things, in the same direction, across membrane
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uniport carrier
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transports one thing across membrane
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