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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transducers
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Enables a biological chemical event to be converted into an electrical signal
- Electronic devices that bridge the patient and an electronic instrument |
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Non-conductive tissues
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Enamel and Cementum
Ceramide Plates in the Epidermis |
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Cavimeter
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Checks Conductance
- Usually no conductance in enamel but loss of hydroxyapetite causes conductance |
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Fermentation vs Putrefaction
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Fermentation:
Gram+ bacteria degrading sugars when O2 is present - H2O2 causes rise in Eh Putrefaction: Degradation of Cysteine results in H2S and then HS- - Lowers Eh |
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Databases
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Information collected and tabulated to provide reference values
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Interpolation vs Extrapolation
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Interpolation: Relates to values that falls within the range of standards used
Extrapolation: Relates to values that fall outside range of standards used |
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Symptoms vs Signs
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Symptoms - What they tell you. Questionnaire
Signs - What you see. Examiners senses and minor instrumentation |
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Indices
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Non-instrument measurement
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Sialopaper Strip
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Used with Periotron to measure GCF, PPF and Oral Wetness
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Platinum Electrode
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Inert simple electrode used to convert chemical data to electrical signals for evaluation of Redox Potential or Eh
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Cysteine Challenge
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Administer suspension containing cysteine to determine level of putrefaction within certain time intervals leading to malorder which is measured by Glass Sniffing rod or Halitometer
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Dentobuff
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Measures buffering capacity of saliva due to decreased serous secretion bicarb content
- Collect sample and apply to buffer strip. 4.5-5.5pH is norm |
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Dentocult
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Measures for Candida presence
- Collect with cotton swap and place onto strip - Incubate for 48hrs |
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Scratchometer
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Senses dental sensitivity to scratch
- Explorer tip attached to a force gauge that measures the extent of scratch sensitivity |
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Spinnbarkometer
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Measures Viscoelasticity
- With increased mucosal thickness or decreased salivary flow, see decreased viscoelasticity |
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Cold testing with Ice water
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Indicated for exposed dentin due to abrasion/abfraction/attrition, erosion, or caries
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DMFS/DMFT
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Indices for epidemiology used to determine caries risk
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Quigley-Hein Index
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Plaque index rated 0-5
- 0 being no plaque and 5 being plaque and 2/3 buccal and lingual surfaces |
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Top loading balance
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Used to weigh saliva for Salivary flow testing
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Sialometer
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Salivary flow rate measurer
- Collects saliva straight from duct to be measured by weight or volume to determine hyposalivation |
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Silness & Loe
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Discontinuous measurement
0,1,2,3 Silness-Loe plaque index Loe-Silness Gingival index |
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Laboratory vs Chairside analysis
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Laboratory - Sample taken from patient is passed onto lab for analysis
Chair side - Sample taken from patient is ransferred to analytical device at chairside |
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Development of diagnostic or therapeutic tool
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1) Research leading to novel discovery. Prepare and file a patent
2) Financial aspect and licensing involving technology, knowledge, and marketing transfer 3) Clinical trials 4) Regulatory bodies will need to review and approve. FDA, ADA, FTC 5) Education hurdles: Professionals and consumers need to be educated and convinced of the underlying science |
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Ideal pH strip for salivary diagnostics
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6.0-8.1
- Made by Macherey-Nagel - Lower pH range can be used for plaque pH |
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Smartmouth
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Mouthwash that has two ingredients that inhibits cysteine degradation
1) ZnCl2: Provides Zn++ which inhibits Cysteine degradation 2) NAClO2 - Redox buffer to reduce concentration of electrons present |
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Diagnostic usefulness of monitoring GCF
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1) Detects early gingival inflammation before its visible
2) Assesses the severity of gingival inflammation and the response of tissues to periodontal therapy 3) Differentiate actively destructive from inactive 4) Identify systemic factors and their impact on periodontal disease |
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Principal Causes of Dry mouth
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Medications - 40%
Diseases: Destruction/loss of gland tissue - 25% - Sjogrens - Tumors - Alzheimers - Collagen diseases - Sarcoidosis - AIDs Therapeutic Irradiation - 5% Other: Water deficit/dehydration - 30% - Infection and obstruction - Stroke - Mouth Breathing - Exercise |
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Saliva Wetness with periotron
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Measure posterior palate with sialopaper
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Tongue Blade test
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Place dry tongue blade against buccal mucosa
- If blade adheres, its an indication of tissue dryness |
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Buffering capacity Measurements
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Dentobuff strip
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Salivary Function tests
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Sialometer - Salivary flow rate
Periotron - Saliva wetness Visco-elasticity of saliva Tongue blade test Dentobuff - Buffering capacity pH Measurements Lactobacillus & Strep index Yeast index Minor salivary gland biopsy |
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Dry Mouth Treatment rationale
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1) Treatment of oral dryness symptoms
- Saliva stimulation - Salivary substitute - Modifying diet - Modifying medications 2) Treatment of consequences of hyposalivation - Caries - Sensitive teeth - Oral yeast infection |
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Methods of saliva stimulation
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Mechanical means
- Encourage foods that require chewing - Sugarless gums, paraffin wax Chemical - Proflow - Base mints - Xylitol gum/lozenges Drugs - Pilocarpine - Evoxac |
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Xylitol
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Naturally occuring 5 carbon sugar alcohol that is non fermentable by cariogenic bacteria
- Inhibits transfer of bacteria from person to person - Inhibits recolonization |
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Most common location for sensitivity
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Facial root surfaces of canines and premolars near CEJ
- Right handed people have more sensitivity on left side and vice versa |
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Causes of Open tubules
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Diet
Bleaching Abrasion Abfractions Dental recession SRP |
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Oral examination for sensitivity
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Must be checked for
- Existence or absence of caries and anatomical defects - Bitewing radiographs should be taken to rule out interproximal caries - Periodontal status should be determined - Rule out other causes of pain and provide detailed assessment and evaluation of sensitivity |
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Sensitivity Treatment
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Blocking tubues
- Changing toothpaste - Bonding agents - Restorations - Gingival graft - Crown placement Nerve Fiber Alteration - Potassium Salts - Gluma(Bonding with CHX) - Root canal therapy |
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Rationale for Potassium ion
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Sensodyne and crest use potassium nitrate
- Reduce ability of pulpal nerve fibers to repolarize due to hyper potassium environment in tubules around odontoblasts |
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Rationale for Flouride
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Applied as varnishes, toothpastes and gels
- Intended to facilitate remineralization by forming flouroapatite |
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MI Paste
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Supplies Calcium and Phosphate needed for patients with poor saliva flow
- Contains Recaldent which uses Casein Phosphopeptides(CPP) which are naturally occuring molecules that bind calcium and phosphates - CPP binds to plaque, soft tissue, and dentin and provides reservoir of calcium and phosphorus released during acidic challenge |
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Proclude
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Prophylaxis paste that contains sensistat
- Arginine bicarbonate/Calcium Carbonate as active ingredient - Immediate occlusion of tubules and relief of pain |
