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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Florence Nightingale
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Crimean War
Reduce mortality rate |
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Clara Barton
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Organized American Red Cross in 1882
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Dorthea Dix
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Efforts with mentally ill and prisons
Resulted in state psychiatric hospitals and improved treatment Superintendent of Women Nurses for All Military Hospitals in Civil War |
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Harriet Ross Tubman
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Abolitionist, "underground railroad"
Worked with Clara Barton |
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Sojourner Truth
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Slave that nursed Union soldiers
Continued in Freedmen's Relief Assistance after war |
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Isabel Hampton Robb
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Made radical nurse education changes
Changed work hours |
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Mary Breckinridge
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After WWI established the FNS (Frontier Nursing Service)
First Midwifery training school in US |
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Mildred Montag
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Community College Education for Nursing
Established the Associate Degree for nursing 1959 |
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Lavinia Dock
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Nursing leader and women's rights activist
Worked on Constitutional Right to Vote for women Henry Street Settlement with Wald and Brewster |
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Virginia Henderson
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Developmental Model of Nursing
Nursing is to guide pt to independence |
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Mary Mahoney
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First AA nurse
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Hildegard Peplau
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described nurse-client relationship
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Melinda Ann Richards
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First trained nurse in america
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Margaret Sanger
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First birthcontrol clinic in America.
Battled for dissemination of birth control |
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Lillian Wald
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Established the Henry Street Settlement. Founder of Public Health Nursing
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Luther Christman
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American Assembly for Men in Nursing
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St. Vincent de Paul
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Sisters of Charity
1633 |
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Wilma Scott Heide
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Founder of NOW
Nurse and feminist |
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C. McCauley
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Sisters of Mercy
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Martha Rogers
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Science of Unitary Human Beings
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M. Leininger
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Cultural Care and Diversity Theory
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Dorothea Orem
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Self-Care Theory
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Socialization
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Life-long process by which people become functioning participants of a society or a group
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Socialization of Nursing Profession
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Is a process whereby the norms and values are internalized into the nurse's own behavior and self-concept.
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Benner's Five Stages of Practice/Levels of Worker
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-Novice
-Advanced Beginner -Competent -Proficient -Expert |
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Bolton Act of 1943
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Established the Cadet Nurse Corps. to address the nursing shortage of WWII.
First federal program to subsidize education for the nursing study. Commitment to military or civilian service was required for the duration of the war. |
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ANA Position Paper on Nursing Education
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Wants RN to be BSN and LPN to be ASN
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Factors that increased the rise in ADN programs
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1) Rise of 2 year community colleges
2) Cadet Nursing Program 3) Studies on nursing education in the US 4) Nursing Shortage |
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NLNAC vs. CCNE
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NLNAC : National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission
Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education NLNAC is for all types of nursing education programs (Recognized by the US Dept or Education as the accrediting body) CCNE ensures the quality and integrity of bacc. and graduate degree education programs |
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Factors influencing the current nursing system
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1. Social
2. Economic 3. Educational 4. Development of health care legislation and policy |
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Cost containment
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Preventative services
Rationing of health care HMOs Community-based care Managed care Capitation |
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Health care financing
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Fee-for-service Payment
1. Third party reimbursement 2. Direct Pay 3. IPA/ independent private associations 4.PPOs/ Preferred Provider Organizations Gov. Programs Medicare Medicaid SSI HRSA VA |
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Prospective payment
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a fixed reimbursement amount for all care required for a particular surgical procedure, illness for acuity category-designed to provide hospitals with an incentive to contain costs
DRG and RUG |
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Diagnosis-related groups
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group of patients classified for measuring a hospital's delivery of care.
Classification is based on the following variables : primary and secondary diagnosis, primary and secondary procedures, age and length of stay |
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Resource Utilization Groups
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Categories used to determine prospective payment for nursing home clients based on MDS form
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MDS form
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minimum data set
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Certification
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meeting the standards of a state governmental agency
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Accreditation
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Meeting the standards of a nongovernmental agency
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Deemed status
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medicare/caid has granted several nongovernmental agencies.
that means the standards of the agency are equal or exceed the medicare standard are not required to pursue additional medicare certification |
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JCAHO
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Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Hospitals, Nursing Homes, and other organizations |
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CHAP
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Community Health Accreditation Program
Voluntary accreditation for community and home health agencies Deemed status |
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NCQA
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National Community for Quality Assurance
reviews and evaluates HMOs |
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OBRA 1987
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Contained regulations that, for the first time, mandated nursing homes be regulated for funding.
also that people had to be certified to be assistance |
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Tri-council for nursing
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is a collaborative effort of the ANA, NLN and AONE, and AACN
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Four levels of knowing
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1) Empirical
2) Aesthetic 3) Personal 4) Ethical |
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Statutory Law
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A statute is a rule or formal reguation established by government legislative authority, such as Congress, the state legislature, city council that appears in writing
Punishable by law Published in codes Includes both constitutional and enacted laws |
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Constitutional Law
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part of statutory law
greatest authority with enacted law the next |
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Common Law
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Common usage, custom and judicial law
Fluid and changes over time |
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Civil law vs Criminal law
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Criminal law addresses the general welfare of the public.
A violation is a crime and is prosecuted by the gov. Civil law regulates conduct between private individuals or businesses and is enforced through damages or monetary compensation |
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Torts
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civil wrongs committed by one person against another person or their property
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Malpractice
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professional negligence
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Elements of Malpractice
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1. Harm to an individual
2. Beach of duty 3. Duty to act 4. Cause of harm is the result of a breach of duty |
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Contracts
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an agreement between two individuals especially one that is written and enforceable by law
contracts with patients are usually implied |
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Elements of a valid contract
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Preamble
Termination clause |
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Preamble
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an explanation or summary of the contract
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Termination Clause
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a termination cluase is a portion of a contract that explains the rights of the parties to terminate, or cancel their contract
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Respondeat Superior
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the legal principle that allows the court to hold the employer responsible for the actions of the employee when performing services for the organization
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Practice standards
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standardized specifications developed through the process
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Grievance
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a real or imagined feeling of personal injustice that an employee has about the employment relationship.
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Components of informed consent
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1. disclosure
2. comprehension 3. competence 4. voluntariness |
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Professional Liability
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Nursing liability
Institutional liability Supervisor liability |
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States that allow Physician Assisted Suicide
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Oregon 1994
Washington 2008 Montana 2009 |
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CAPTA
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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1974)
Defines the parameters under which state laws must provide regulations mandating child abuse by professionals |
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Statutory Laws
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ADA Act of 1990
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) 1990 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Freedom of Information Act Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1987) FMLA (1993) OSHA (1970) |
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Legal process of a lawsuit
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Discovery
Complaint |
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Consumer Rights
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AHA, Patient Care Partnership
Informed Consent Advanced directives Autonomy/right to self- determination HIPAA Parentalism |
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Teleological/utilitarian theories
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consequence based
Triage and public health policy |
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Deontological theories
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Principle-based
Kant Rightness or wrongness of action depends on the moral significance of the action |
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Deontology
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Principles guide actions. In all situations, the rules are followed
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Caring theories
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relationship based
(Peplau, Watson) |
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Non-malfeasance
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prohibits deliberate harm and demands weighing risks with the benefits
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Centralized structure
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a few individuals are set up to make majority of decisions
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Decentralized
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when the decision making involves a number of individuals and individual employees are responsible for making decisions in areas in which they have expertise
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Case method
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first system for delivery nursing care
not case management nurse only worked for one pt. |
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Primary nursing
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responsible for initiating and updating the nursing care plan, patient teaching, and discharge planning
benefits include continuity of care |
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Team nursing
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developed in the 1950s
team leader has overall responsibility |
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Functional Nursing
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emerged in the 1930s
allowed for the care of greater number of pts industrial type model |
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Case management
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refers to a system in which health care services are controlled and monitored carefully to ensure care is provided
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Partnership model
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RN with a skilled/technical assistant
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Differentiated practice
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the practice of structuring nursing roles on the basis of education, experience and competence
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Lewin's theory of change
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1. Unfreezing
2. Moving 3. Refreezing |
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Acute Care
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Refers to type of care and length of stay
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Acuity
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when used to describe a client's condition refers to the seriousness and rate of change that is occurring.
Serious, subject to rapid detrioration and require highly skilled patient care |
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Long-term Acute Care
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Clients with wounds that need specialized care, pts on extended vent support, dialysis while remaining unstable,
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Sub-Acute Care
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Types of service that may be offered in a special unit of a hospital (transitional care/step down)
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Skilled Nursing Care
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rehab services, observation and assessment of client conditions
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Custodial Care
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refers to care focused on meeting deficits of ADL's.
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Hospice Care
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Provides medical, nursing, social work, spiritual work, bereavement counseling and a variety of therapies to individuals who are dying and their families
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Rehabilitation Care
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designed to support restoration of function and ability to complete ADL's or engage in occupation
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Ambulatory Care
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Outpatient care
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Home Health Care
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nursing care, therapies, personal assistance and household chores
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Purpose of Primary Care
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Entry into system
Health maintenance Long-term care Chronic care Treatment of temporary non-incapacitating care |
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Purpose of Secondary Care
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Prevention of disease complications
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Purpose of Tertiary are
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Rehabilitation
Long-term care |
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Primary organization/unit
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Ambulatory care centers
Physician's offices PPOs Nursing center/urgent care center HMOs Independent provider organizations School health clinics |
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Secondary organization/unit
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Home healthcare
Ambulatory care centers Nursing centers |
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Tertiary organization/unit
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Home healthcare
Long-term care Rehab centers Skilled nursing Assisted living/retirement centers |
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Services of general/community hospital
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med/surg, OB, ER, and diagnostic services
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Tertiary Care
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Referral centers for clients w/complex or unusual health problems such as level 1, burns, bone marrow transplant, and research based oncology
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