Transition To Registered Nurse

Front 1

Center for Nursing Classification and Clinical Effectiveness

Back 1

Institution aiming to facilitate ongoing research related to classification systems.

Front 2

common language

Back 2

In a professional context, a language that includes words, concepts, and labels with universal meanings that describe what members of a profession do, which is largely based on the needs and experiences of the people they serve.

Front 3

Minimum Data Set for Nursing Home Resident Assessment and Care Screening (MDS)

Back 3

Classification system used to fulfill the legal requirement that any long-term care facility receiving federal funds must assess its residents on admission and every three months thereafter.

Front 4

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I)�

Back 4

Organization aiming to develop language into a taxonomy for nursing in hopes of creating a common language of nursing diagnoses that can be used by all nurses.

Front 5

nursing diagnosis

Back 5

Clinical assessment by a nurse of the real or potential health problems faced by individuals, families, and communities, which provides a guide for further action.��

Front 6

Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)

Back 6

Classification system focusing on a common standardized and comprehensive language for nursing interventions; initially designed by nurses at the University of Iowa.�

Front 7

Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)

Back 7

Classification system that labels and defines nursing outcomes for patients, their families, and communities to evaluate the effects of various nursing interventions.

Front 8

Omaha System:��h

Back 8

Common nursing classification system that generates information on client needs, interventions related to those needs, and outcomes��NN

Front 9

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1991)

Back 9

Law that established the Minimum Data Set for Nursing Home Resident Assessment and Care Screening.��

Front 10

outcome

Back 10

In this context, any result of a medical intervention.7

Front 11

resident assessment protocols<7

Back 11

Protocols under the MDS that provide standardized guidance if problems related to MDS-measured areas are identified.

Front 12

taxonomy

Back 12

Diagnostic classification system. (1991)

Front 13

assertiveness

Back 13

Acknowledging, expressing, and acting on one's rights as a human being while respecting the rights of others.

Front 14

communication

Back 14

Exchange of information and ideas; primary key to good patient care.

Front 15

conflict management

Back 15

Process of acknowledging the existence of disagreement and/or opposition and then trying to resolve it

Front 16

group

Back 16

A number of people gathered together with some common goal or purpose.

Front 17

group process

Back 17

Way that groups organize, conduct themselves, and work together in order to solve problems.

Front 18

negotiation

Back 18

Type of communication skill usually associated with the process of collective bargaining; strategy used by nurses with employers, patients, and colleagues.erventions.

Front 19

nursing informatics

Back 19

Subject area combining nursing science, information processing theory, and computer science

Front 20

nursing information system (NIS)

Back 20

Consists of automated processes that assist nurses with data management.

Front 21

associate nurse

Back 21

Under the primary care model, another nurse who is assigned to the patient and who serves as the primary nurse�s backup by making decisions about care on the primary nurse�s days off.

Front 22

case management

Back 22

Model wherein one person functions as the case manager for a patient or family and is often responsible for making an initial home visit to assess needs, developing a care plan, and delegating responsibilities to other nurses and members of the health team.�5

Front 23

case method

Back 23

Type of nursing care delivery still provided in home settings by family members who have sick relatives.

Front 24

change agent

Back 24

Someone who creates change

Front 25

collective bargaining

Back 25

Process of negotiation that gives employees who are members of unions an opportunity to participate in the management process of the facilities and institutions in which they work.

Front 26

contingency theory

Back 26

Style of leadership that assumes leaders must adapt their style to specific situations.

Front 27

differentiated nursing practice

Back 27

Practice based on the belief that nursing roles and responsibilities should be structured according to the level of education, clinical experience, and competencies of the nurse.

Front 28

disease management

Back 28

System emphasizing the prevention of disease exacerbations and complications through the use of evidence-based practice guidelines and strategies for patient empowerment.

Front 29

functional nursing

Back 29

Task-oriented nursing care involving the assignment of various functions or activities to different people.

Front 30

laissez-fair leadership

Back 30

Style of leadership allowing staff members to make decisions for themselves based on the assumption that employees are motivated by internal forces and do not require management participation.

Front 31

multicratic leadership

Back 31

Leadership style in which the leader provides structure or a more relaxed and flexible approach as needed; the type of leadership style used most often in health care.

Front 32

normative theory

Back 32

Theory that offers guidelines on how decisions should be made in certain situations.

Front 33

partners-in-practice model

Back 33

Model wherein an RN and another nurse or unlicensed health care worker work together to meet patients’ needs.

Front 34

primary care

Back 34

Method of care where one registered nurse is primarily assigned to a patient upon his or her entry and is considered responsible for that patient’s care from admission through discharge.

Front 35

primary nurse

Back 35

Nurse primarily responsible for a given patient under the primary care model.

Front 36

resource management

Back 36

Evaluation of cost-effective measures to provide care.

Front 37

shared governance

Back 37

Model wherein both staff nurses and those in management positions in a health care facility make decisions collaboratively.

Front 38

situational leadership

Back 38

Style of leadership based on the premise that followers are all at different levels of readiness for the tasks they are expected to perform.

Front 39

team nursing

Back 39

Response to the postwar nursing shortage of the 1950s involving the division of nursing units into teams with team leaders responsible for making specific patient assignments, planning care, and delegating other tasks.

Front 40

Theory X

Back 40

Theory assuming employees basically do not want to work, prefer leisure, and avoid responsibility.

Front 41

Theory Y

Back 41

Theory assuming that, given the right working conditions, employees really do enjoy and derive satisfaction from work.

Front 42

time management

Back 42

Involves establishing priorities and setting limits.

Front 43

total patient care (TPC)

Back 43

Model wherein a nurse is assigned a group of patients for each shift and is responsible for all of the patients’ needs, including all treatments and medications.

Front 44

transformational leadership

Back 44

Style of leadership embracing the intuitive and emotional nature of people through an emphasis on interpersonal relationships.

Front 45

accreditation

Back 45

In the context of a nursing school, provides the school with standards of accountability by way of a regulatory process.

Front 46

articulation programs

Back 46

Educational programs serving nurses who wish to use their associate degree credits in further education; designed on the principle that different nurses will pursue different levels of education at different rates.

Front 47

assessment programs

Back 47

Programs evaluating prior skills and academic coursework in order to determine acceptance into academic programs.

Front 48

associate degree nursing programs

Back 48

Two-year nursing programs with an educational base in community, junior, or technical colleges; include academic coursework and clinical experience in local hospitals and nursing homes.

Front 49

baccalaureate degree nursing programs

Back 49

College- or university-affiliated programs that lead to bachelor of science in nursing degrees and are typically four years long; include liberal arts courses, emphasis on the sciences, and clinical training.

Front 50

career ladder continuing education

Back 50

Describes situations where continuing education becomes part of the evaluation criteria for promotion to different jobs within an organization.

Front 51

certification

Back 51

Credential indicating that nurses with clinical expertise and advanced knowledge in a specific area of nursing have passed a written exam and usually a performance exam in that subject area.

Front 52

clinical nurse specialists (CNSs)

Back 52

Advanced practice nurses who are frequently involved in roles requiring patient and staff teaching, research, and consultation.

Front 53

continuing education

Back 53

Any education or experience beyond the basic nursing education that serves to educate and improve nursing care.

Front 54

credential

Back 54

Usually a letter or certificate given to a person that certifies he or she has the right and is qualified to act in certain ways or to perform certain duties.

Front 55

diploma programs

Back 55

Hospital-based programs that prepare nurses to become registered nurses.

Front 56

distance learning

Back 56

Online education

Front 57

doctoral degree programs

Back 57

Programs that prepare nurse educators and nurse researchers and usually award either a doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) or a doctor of science in nursing (DSN or DNSc).

Front 58

external degree

Back 58

Nursing degree obtained off-site or external to a given school.

Front 59

generic baccalaureate degree programs

Back 59

Another name for baccalaureate degree nursing programs.

Front 60

generic master's degree programs

Back 60

Three-year programs of study available in some parts of the country for students who may already have a baccalaureate degree in a subject other than nursing but want to become registered nurses.

Front 61

licensed practical nursing programs

Back 61

Programs at which Licensed Practical Nurses and Licensed Vocational Nurses are trained at the technical level of proficiency, generally for one year

Front 62

master's degree programs

Back 62

Graduate study programs that are usually eighteen to twenty-four months and combine classroom and clinical education; often instruct nurses in a clinical specialty

Front 63

nurse entrepreneurs

Back 63

People who start independent business ventures in the field of nursing

Front 64

nurse practitioner (NP)

Back 64

Nurses who hold master's degrees and usually have a specialty area; function more independently than other nurses and often work as primary care providers in rural or underserved areas.

Front 65

preceptors

Back 65

Academic teachers and mentors.

Front 66

RN-to-BSN programs

Back 66

Programs targeting registered nurses from associate degree or diploma programs who want to return to an educational setting and pursue a bachelor’s degree.

Front 67

RN-to-MSN programs

Back 67

Programs enabling nurses with a diploma or an associate's degree to take courses to obtain both a BSN and an MSN.

Front 68

American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)

Back 68

An organization considered the national voice for university and four-year college nursing education programs.

Front 69

American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)

Back 69

Branch of the ANA that provides certification for advanced practice nurses.

Front 70

Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)

Back 70

Agency devoted exclusively to the accreditation of baccalaureate and graduate degree nursing education programs and is accountable to the Department of Education.

Front 71

National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC)

Back 71

An agency accountable to the Department of Education that accredits all types of nursing programs, from LPN and LVN programs to doctoral nursing education programs.

Front 72

research utilization

Back 72

Application of research findings to practice; generally from a single study.

Front 73

risk management

Back 73

Attempts to minimize errors that may cause loss to individuals and facilities.

Front 74

standards of practice

Back 74

Authoritative statements or criteria describing the responsibilities and actions for which practitioners of the profession are accountable.

Front 75

variables

Back 75

Things that vary within an experiment

Front 76

variance

Back 76

Anything that alters or changes a patient’s progress through his or her normal critical path.

Front 77

research

Back 77

Systematic study and investigation in some field of knowledge in order to discover or establish facts and principles

Front 78

randomized clinical trial

Back 78

Clinical trials having control groups, interventions, and an element of randomization; also called true-experimental designs

Front 79

quasi-experimental

Back 79

Clinical trials that may have control groups and interventions but lack a randomizing element.

Front 80

quantitative research

Back 80

Research based on the scientific method of knowledge acquisition and concerned with precise measurements, replicability, prediction, and control.

Front 81

quality management (QM)

Back 81

In a nursing context, philosophy of health care focusing on patient satisfaction with services rendered.

Front 82

quality improvement (QI)

Back 82

Ongoing process designed to prevent problems and errors that would have adverse effects on patients.

Front 83

quality assurance (QA)

Back 83

Ongoing monitoring process used to ensure the care given to patients by nurses and other health care staff meets acceptable standards of care and quality.

Front 84

qualitative research

Back 84

Research consisting of notes, observations, narratives, and case studies rather than direct applications of the scientific method.

Front 85

principle investigator (PI)

Back 85

Principle member of the research team; usually has an educational background and experience in statistics, research design, and methodology.

Front 86

phenomenology

Back 86

Methodological tradition wherein a person’s “lived experience” is explored for understanding of a phenomenon.

Front 87

peer review organizations (PROs)

Back 87

Agencies responsible for conducting peer review.

Front 88

peer review

Back 88

In this context, a review of all health services and patient care provided in facilities by peer review organizations

Front 89

patient satisfaction

Back 89

Health outcome measurement of feelings and emotions that often does not correlate well with actual outcomes.

Front 90

outcome

Back 90

In this context, a change that occurs in a patient.

Front 91

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Back 91

Governmental regulatory agency responsible for enforcing health and safety regulations.

Front 92

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Back 92

Law requiring all employers to abide by certain standards of safety in the workplace.

Front 93

National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR)

Back 93

Division of the National Institutes of Health that is a key source of funding for nursing research.

Front 94

meta-analysis

Back 94

Study comparing the results of multiple research studies on a selected topic.

Front 95

journal club

Back 95

Club that meets to discuss and appraise research reports.

Front 96

information management systems

Back 96

Systems used to gather, track, and manage data about patients.

Front 97

hypothesis

Back 97

Statement predicting some type of relationship between or among variables.

Front 98

historical research

Back 98

In this context, usually research concerned with historical nursing practices.

Front 99

health outcomes management

Back 99

System designed to improve the effectiveness, value, and cost of treatment services across the entire system of care in a facility.

Front 100

grounded theory

Back 100

Discipline wherein a basic social process is explored and a theory developed.

Front 101

evidence-based practice

Back 101

Process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence in combination with their own clinical expertise and the preferences of their patients.

Front 102

ethnographic qualitative research

Back 102

Qualitative research that involves spending a considerable amount of time in another culture, observing interactions, and interviewing people.

Front 103

data

Back 103

Known facts or information.

Front 104

critical social theory

Back 104

Focuses on ethical issues of social equity and justice.

Front 105

critical pathways

Back 105

Evaluation tool used in outcomes management involving a day-by-day guideline and model for directing care that specifies the appropriate use and timing of interventions in relation to the stage of the patient’s recovery.

Front 106

cost containment

Back 106

Goal of reducing and minimizing expenses where possible.

Front 107

correlational studies

Back 107

Type of quantitative experimental design in which relationships among variables are explored.

Front 108

chart reviews

Back 108

Quality assurance process wherein patient charts are reviewed against external standards or written criteria for potential problems, and deviations from the norm are detected.

Front 109

benchmark

Back 109

A standard or point of reference used to measure or judge quality or value.

Front 110

American Nurses Foundation (ANF)

Back 110

Nonprofit corporation that is the research, education, and charitable affiliate of the ANA.

Front 111

American Nurses Association Scope and Standards of Practice

Back 111

General standards of clinical nursing practice developed by the ANA.

Front 112

accreditation standards

Back 112

Quality control mechanisms established by various organizations that are important considerations for health care facilities in assessing, implementing, and evaluating standards of care and nursing practice.

Front 113

accident and incident reports

Back 113

Documents that should be filled out when a patient is injured in any way.

Front 114

abandonment

Back 114

In a health care context, commonly refers to leaving a patient unattended; can also be charged if a health care professional begins emergency first aid at the scene of an accident and then leaves the scene before someone else arrives to take over.

Front 115

advance directives

Back 115

Umbrella term for various types of written legal documents that are prepared by people when they are mentally competent and preferably in good health.

Front 116

assault

Back 116

Intentional verbal threat or attempt to inflict physical harm on someone that results in a reasonable and present fear of immediate physical danger.

Front 117

battery

Back 117

Any unjustified and intentional application of force.

Front 118

breach of contract

Back 118

Occurs when a party to a contract has not complied with the terms of the contract and may be subject to some type of court action.

Front 119

breach of duty

Back 119

Failure to act as a prudent professional, according to the standards of conduct established within a given profession.

Front 120

case law

Back 120

Law based on previous decisions and judgments that have been made in courts of law; also called judicial law.

Front 121

character defamation

Back 121

Attacking or injuring the reputation of another person by making false and malicious statements.

Front 122

chemical restraints

Back 122

Medications given to prevent or moderate certain behaviors such as agitation or physical violence.

Front 123

civil law

Back 123

Branch of law that generally involves the protection of both the person and personal property and is concerned with issues that arise between individuals or businesses.

Front 124

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS)

Back 124

Agency formed to help foreign nurses negotiate the maze of requirements to which practicing nurses in the United States must conform.

Front 125

common law

Back 125

Law of a country or state based on common customs and the various accumulated judicial decisions and opinions of law courts.

Front 126

constitutional law

Back 126

Federal law based on the U.S. Constitution; the most authoritative type of U.S. law.

Front 127

continuing education units (CEUs)

Back 127

Documentation of continuing education necessary for nurses to maintain their licenses in some states.

Front 128

contracts

Back 128

Formal agreements that create legal obligations and are enforceable by law.

Front 129

criminal law

Back 129

Branch of law designed to protect society from harmful and criminal acts of individuals

Front 130

defendant

Back 130

Person who is charged with some violation of the law.

Front 131

discovery period

Back 131

Period in a civil lawsuit leading up to the actual trial wherein the lawyers for both the plaintiff and the defendant gather information and supporting evidence.

Front 132

DNR order

Back 132

In the context of a medical chart, an order that indicates no attempt should be made to revive the patient if the patient has a cardiac or respiratory arrest.

Front 133

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Back 133

A federal regulatory administration vested with governing controlled substances.

Front 134

durable power of attorney

Back 134

Document relinquishing a person's decision-making capabilities about health care decisions to another person in the event that he or she becomes mentally or terminally ill or physically or mentally incapacitated and unable to make autonomous decisions.

Front 135

enacted law

Back 135

The second most authoritative type of law, which is passed by various national, state, and local legislative bodies.

Front 136

endorsement

Back 136

Process by which a nurse who has moved from one state to another may receive a license for that state without taking an examination; varies from state to state.

Front 137

engineering controls

Back 137

Mechanisms designed to protect people.

Front 138

expert witness

Back 138

Witness qualified to speak as an expert on a given subject.

Front 139

false imprisonment

Back 139

Unlawful forced imprisonment or detention of a person.

Front 140

felonies

Back 140

Crimes considered more serious than misdemeanors

Front 141

fraud

Back 141

Intentionally false statement made by one person to another with the intent to deceive the other person, usually for financial gain.

Front 142

Good Samaritan laws

Back 142

State statutes providing immunity from liability for health care providers who volunteer first aid at accident scenes, but who also could be subject to lawsuits if injury occurs from the care they give.

Front 143

grievance

Back 143

Complaint arising from any circumstance or condition of employment.

Front 144

gross negligence

Back 144

Essentially, an act of negligence so extreme as to suggest total indifference to reasonable standards of conduct.

Front 145

health care proxy

Back 145

Similar in some ways to a durable power of attorney, but does not involve financial decision making and is generally less formal.

Front 146

health care record

Back 146

In most cases, not only medical records, but legal documents that need to be signed.

Front 147

informed consent

Back 147

State wherein patients are aware of all procedures, proposed benefits, and risks of surgery or special procedures as well as the potential side effects from medications.

Front 148

invasion of privacy

Back 148

Violations of a person's privacy including the use of one’s name, picture, or likeness for commercial or advertising purposes without specific written consent, or the unauthorized release of any data about patients’ diagnoses and treatments.

Front 149

lawsuit

Back 149

Set of procedures by which someone with a complaint against another person can institute a course of action against that person in a court of law.

Front 150

libel

Back 150

Defamation of character that occurs through printed statements, including written words, photos, or some other representation of the person.

Front 151

living will

Back 151

Legal document that includes specific instructions about various measures that may prolong and affect the quality of one’s life.

Front 152

malpractice

Back 152

Misconduct or improper practice by any professional or official that results in injury or harm; a particular kind of negligence.

Front 153

misdemeanors

Back 153

Crimes considered less serious than felonies.

Front 154

multistate licensure

Back 154

Mutual recognition of licensure between states with agreements.

Front 155

negligence

Back 155

Failure to do the required thing or to exercise the reasonable amount of care that a person of ordinary prudence in a similar circumstance would.

Front 156

nurse practice act

Back 156

State law that includes information about boundaries of the scope of nursing practice, types of nursing licenses, licensure requirements, grounds for disciplinary action and revocation, and a definition of nursing.

Front 157

nurses' notes

Back 157

Tool by which nurses objectively chart patient progress.

Front 158

party states

Back 158

States that honor the Nurse Licensure Compact, which established multistate licensure for nurses.

Front 159

physical restraints

Back 159

Devices that limit movement of one’s hands, extremities, or torso.

Front 160

plaintiff

Back 160

Person who files a lawsuit.

Front 161

power of attorney

Back 161

Written statement and legal document that authorizes one person to act as a proxy or surrogate for another person under certain conditions.

Front 162

practice standards

Back 162

Sets of criteria most employers have for their employees.

Front 163

PRN

Back 163

Means “on an as-needed basis.”

Front 164

professional liability

Back 164

Means professionals are under obligation to practice according to the standards of their profession.

Front 165

regulatory law

Back 165

The third most authoritative type of law; provides the rules and regulations governing the execution of enacted laws; also called executive or administrative law.

Front 166

remote party states

Back 166

Refers to party states other than the home party state of a nurse with multistate licensure.

Front 167

respondeat superior

Back 167

A phrase meaning once an employee has signed a contract to work for an employer, that employer is liable or responsible for the employee’s actions performed in the scope of that employment.

Front 168

slander

Back 168

Verbal defamation of a person’s character.

Front 169

state board of nursing

Back 169

Nursing’s primary regulating body in each state, consisting of nurses appointed by the governor; primarily responsible for establishing standards for professional licensure of nurses, administering licensing examinations, licensing, investigating violations of statutes and regulations, holding disciplinary hearings, imposing any penalties, and administering state nurse practice acts.

Front 170

statutes of limitations

Back 170

Rules governing the amount of time within which a lawsuit may be brought against a person.

Front 171

statutory law

Back 171

Written body of established rules or enactments that have been passed and formalized by the legislative body of government.

Front 172

sunset laws

Back 172

Laws written such that, if they are not reviewed and reauthorized within a certain time frame, they will no longer be valid.

Front 173

tort

Back 173

Violation of a civil law resulting in personal injury or personal property damage.

Front 174

trial

Back 174

A legal proceeding to determine fault

Front 175

unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)

Back 175

Health care workers who are not specifically licensed to perform nursing tasks, though they are often trained and certified in various aspects of health care delivery.

Front 176

whistle-blower

Back 176

Person who reports any unethical behavior in the workplace to someone in authority.

Front 177

Americans with Disabilities Act

Back 177

Law ensuring the disabled are not discriminated against and requiring employers to find ways to reasonably accommodate people with disabilities.

Front 178

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

Back 178

Law passed to control the distribution and use of depressant drugs, stimulant drugs, and other drugs with the potential for abuse.

Front 179

False Claims Act

Back 179

Law that provides funding for fraud investigation and gives private citizens reporting information about false claims for Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement a percentage of any recovered funds.

Front 180

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Back 180

Law ensuring eligible federal employees are entitled to a total of up to twelve work weeks of unpaid leave during any twelve-month period for reasons relating to health care and child care.

Front 181

Freedom of Information Act

Back 181

Law codifying a person’s right of access to all federal agency records except those protected from disclosure by a set of nine exemptions or by special law enforcement record exclusions.

Front 182

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Back 182

Law ensuring, in part, more privacy for patients and employees.

Front 183

National Labor Relations Act

Back 183

Law that provides some protection for employees who raise complaints against employers for unfair labor practices in the private sector.

Front 184

Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act

Back 184

Law requiring all institutions or agencies to have a prevention program in place for blood-borne pathogens.

Front 185

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Back 185

Law intended to ensure safety for workers in the workplace; also established OSHA and NIOSH.

Front 186

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts

Back 186

Federal acts that appropriate federal funds for various programs.

Front 187

Patient Self-Determination Act

Back 187

Federal law mandating that any health care facility receiving Medicare or Medicaid funds give written information to all patients about their rights to make autonomous decisions about medical care that is intended to extend or preserve life.

Front 188

Safe Medical Device Act

Back 188

Federal legislation designed so that the FDA could quickly be informed of any medical product that has caused or is suspected to have caused serious illness, injury, or death.

Front 189

Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

Back 189

Law that protects institutions and individuals involved in organ procurement from liability as long as they are acting in good faith and are able to give the patient and the patient’s next of kin accurate information about any donations.

Front 190

abortion

Back 190

Deliberate or intentional procedure that removes or induces the expulsion of a living embryo or fetus.

Front 191

active euthanasia

Back 191

Either the patient or someone else takes active steps to end the patient’s life.

Front 192

advocate

Back 192

In this context, someone who speaks up on behalf of a patient.

Front 193

altruism

Back 193

An unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Front 194

American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements

Back 194

Document that does not address specific ethical dilemmas in nursing, but is designed to provide detailed guidelines that can govern nurses’ responsibilities and obligations to patients, colleagues, employers, and society as a whole.

Front 195

anonymity

Back 195

In the context of research, indicates the identities of individuals will not be made public, nor will they be associated in any way with data or information gathered by the researcher.

Front 196

assisted suicide

Back 196

When one person takes the initiative to deliberately end another person’s life by providing the means by which to do so.

Front 197

autonomy

Back 197

Independence or self-law; principle that patients should always be cared for with the understanding that they are people of value and worth who generally have a desire to be both autonomous and self-determining.

Front 198

beneficence

Back 198

Quality of kindness and the obligation to do good and no harm to others.

Front 199

caring ethics

Back 199

Ethical theory focusing on the nurse-patient relationship.

Front 200

categorical imperatives

Back 200

Ultimate and unchanging principles that serve as universal laws and should, according to Kant, be the basis for ethical decision-making.

Front 201

cloning

Back 201

Copying genes and other pieces of chromosomes and duplicating biological material.

Front 202

confidentiality

Back 202

An ethical principle that private information entrusted to a person should not be shared with anyone else.

Front 203

critical social theory

Back 203

Focuses on ethical issues of social equity and justice.

Front 204

deontological ethics

Back 204

System of ethics based on the writings of Immanuel Kant wherein the morality or rightness of any decision is judged by an examination of the nature of the action and the will of the agents rather than on the goals or outcomes of that action.

Front 205

diagnostic testing

Back 205

In a genetic context, genetic screening for inherited diseases.

Front 206

distributive justice

Back 206

Justice relating to the distribution of goods and services.

Front 207

equity

Back 207

Fairness or impartiality.

Front 208

ethics

Back 208

Study of standards of conduct and moral judgment.

Front 209

ethics committees

Back 209

Review boards at medical institutions that meet regularly to deal with ethical dilemmas that have arisen or may arise from health care practices.

Front 210

eugenics

Back 210

Study of human genetics and methods to improve physical and mental characteristics.

Front 211

euthanasia

Back 211

According to Anthony Flew, currently means “easy death as an escape from some condition, usually terminal, and felt by the patient to be intolerable.”

Front 212

fidelity

Back 212

Being faithful to one’s vows or obligations.

Front 213

genetic engineering

Back 213

Changing an organism by changing its genes.

Front 214

genetic screening

Back 214

Testing people for future chronic irreversible diseases like Alzheimer’s, among other genetically indicated traits.

Front 215

human dignity

Back 215

Quality of being worthy of honor or regard.

Front 216

Human Genome Project

Back 216

A project, completed in 2003, to identify the full set of genetic instructions contained in cells.

Front 217

human reproductive cloning

Back 217

Process of transferring a developing embryo in the form of a blastocyst from a petri dish to a human uterus where it is intended to implant and grow into a human fetus.

Front 218

ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses

Back 218

Document providing a foundation for global ethical practice in nursing and a guide for nurses’ actions based on social values and needs.

Front 219

informed consent

Back 219

For patients to be responsibly involved in decision making, they must be fully informed of all aspects of their conditions, prognoses, and treatment options as well as the anticipated results of treatments and any possible side effects.

Front 220

International Society of Nurses in Genetics (ISONG)

Back 220

A global nursing specialty organization dedicated to fostering the scientific and professional growth of nurses in human genetics and genomics worldwide.

Front 221

institutional review boards (IRBs)

Back 221

Ethics committees that specifically review ethical guidelines for research that uses patients as human subjects.

Front 222

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Back 222

Procedure involving the fertilization of eggs by sperm outside the womb.

Front 223

justice

Back 223

To treat fairly or the quality of being right or correct.

Front 224

Karen Ann Quinlan case

Back 224

The most famous case involving the removal of a ventilator, which culminated in a legal decision stating that in cases where there was no reasonable possibility of a patient emerging from his or her comatose and cognitively impaired condition, life support could be withdrawn without any civil or criminal liability.

Front 225

moral philosophy

Back 225

Principles underlying conduct, thought, and knowledge, as they pertain to the differences between right and wrong.

Front 226

Nancy Cruzan case

Back 226

Case illustrating the legal and ethical complications of withholding nutrition and hydration from a patient in a vegetative state; led to passage of the Patient Self-Determination Act.

Front 227

nonmaleficence

Back 227

Prohibition from intentionally harming others.

Front 228

Nursing Home Reform Act

Back 228

Passed into law as part of the 1987 OBRA; specified services that nursing homes must provide and standards for these services, in addition to the residents' bill of rights.

Front 229

nursing process

Back 229

Framework used for planning and implementing nursing care with a primary focus on identifying actual or potential problems related to the patient’s health status; may also be used as an ethical decision-making process.

Front 230

Nursing's Social Policy Statement

Back 230

Revision of the ANA’s 1980 Nursing: A Social Policy Statement; includes information about the social context of nursing and focuses on accountability to the public and professional rights and responsibilities.

Front 231

obligations

Back 231

Moral or ethical responsibilities or duties that often exist in the form of legal contracts or agreements.

Front 232

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987

Back 232

Legislation that included nursing-relevant items such as the Nursing Home Reform Act.

Front 233

organ transplantation

Back 233

Process of transplanting an organ from a donor to a recipient.

Front 234

passive euthanasia

Back 234

Occurs when people do not interfere with the normal process of dying.

Front 235

Patient Self-Determination Act

Back 235

Legislation requiring facilities receiving federal Medicare reimbursement to inform patients about their right to refuse treatment, and to ask patients to prepare an advance directive regarding their wishes concerning resuscitative efforts and the institution and withdrawal of supportive and life-sustaining therapies.

Front 236

A Patient's Bill of Rights

Back 236

Document initially developed and adopted by the American Hospital Association in 1973 that was revised in 1992; given to all patients when they are admitted to a hospital and also posted in a public place in the hospital.

Front 237

residents' bill of rights

Back 237

Established by the Nursing Home Reform Act for residents of nursing homes; includes many of the same rights that hospitalized patients have in addition to other, more context-specific rights.

Front 238

Roe v. Wade

Back 238

Supreme Court case that concluded with the legalization of abortion.

Front 239

self-determining

Back 239

Describes people who are able to make their own decisions about what is best for them.

Front 240

standard of best interest

Back 240

Ethical principle that governs decisions made for others; states that all decisions should be made in the best interest of the person.

Front 241

stem cell research

Back 241

Research using stem cells usually harvested from human embryos.

Front 242

surrogacy

Back 242

Traditionally, when another woman carries a baby to term for an infertile couple.

Front 243

teleological theory

Back 243

A theory wherein the end or outcome justifies the means.

Front 244

therapeutic cloning

Back 244

An embryonic genetic clone of a person is harvested for stem cells that might then be used to treat diseases.

Front 245

Tuskegee experiment

Back 245

An unethical experiment wherein, from 1939 to 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a research study on 399 black men who were all in the late stages of syphilis without telling them what disease they suffered from or administering proper treatment.

Front 246

utilitarianism

Back 246

The end or outcome justifies the means; if it has good or useful consequences or promotes the greatest possible happiness for the greatest number, it must be good.

Front 247

values clarification

Back 247

In this context, involves considering predetermined professional standards of conduct for nurses that are expressed in various codes of nursing; the nurse's own personal values must also be clarified.

Front 248

veracity

Back 248

Truthfulness or honesty.

Front 249

Jeremy Bentham

Back 249

Chief proponent of utilitarianism; focused on consequentialism.

Front 250

Anne Boykin

Back 250

Proponent of a general theory called “nursing as caring.”

Front 251

Auguste Comte

Back 251

Philosopher who created the term “altruism.”

Front 252

Jack Kevorkian

Back 252

Medical doctor who both promoted and assisted with suicides for nine years in the United States prior to being convicted of second-degree murder for issuing a lethal injection

Front 253

Madeline Leininger

Back 253

Anthropologist who has written extensively on caring across cultures and the different ways caring is expressed and interpreted.

Front 254

John Stuart Mill

Back 254

Chief proponent of utilitarianism; focused on achieving the greatest possible happiness for the greatest number of people.

Front 255

Arlene B. Miller

Back 255

Co-author of Called to Care: A Christian Worldview for Nursing (2006), a textbook about caring from a Judeo-Christian perspective.

Front 256

Savina O. Schoenhofer

Back 256

Proponent of a general theory called “nursing as caring.”

Front 257

Judith Allen Shelly

Back 257

Co-author of Called to Care: A Christian Worldview for Nursing (2006), a textbook about caring from a Judeo-Christian perspective.

Front 258

Jean Watson

Back 258

Wrote about humanistic transpersonal caring in Nursing: Human Science and Human Care; A Theory of Nursing (1985) and describes nursing as the science of caring.

Front 259

adaptive
response

Back 259

Anything that has a positive influence on the health and well-being
of people

Front 260

borrowed
theories

Back 260

Theories borrowed by one discipline from another discipline;
previously the primary basis of nursing.

Front 261

comfort theory

Back 261

Recent theory being used as a basis for nursing practice and a
foundation for nursing research; developed by Katherine Kolcaba.

Front 262

culture care

Back 262

Theory designed to help nurses provide culturally congruent,
competent, and safe care in a multicultural world.

Front 263

developmental
needs theory

Back 263

Theory focusing on the person as a developmental being with needs
that could be met by health care professionals, including nurses and
physicians.

Front 264

health promotion
model

Back 264

Mid-range theory that focuses on variables known to impact health
behavior

Front 265

interpersonal
theory

Back 265

Theory concerning interactions and interpersonal relationships; a
common model of verbal interaction in psychology and psychiatry
during the 1950s and 60s.

Front 266

Lysaught report

Back 266

Report by the National Commission for the Study of Nursing and
Nursing Education that laid the groundwork for a greater emphasis
on clinically oriented research with a strong theory base.

Front 267

mid-range theory

Back 267

Theories that are specifically focused, have fewer related concepts
than more general theories, and are generally more testable in
research and clinical practice.

Front 268

science of unitary
human beings

Back 268

Theory that both people and the environment are energy fields.

Front 269

systems theory

Back 269

Assumes all living systems are open systems constantly exchanging
information with the environment.

Front 270

theory

Back 270

A principle that can explain the operation of a certain phenomenon
with considerable supporting evidence.

Front 271

theory of
uncertainty

Back 271

Mid-range theory used in nursing research and clinical practice; its
assessment tool, the uncertainty in illness scale, is frequently used
with cancer patients

Front 272

thermodynamics

Back 272

Branch of physics concerned with laws governing heat production,
changes, and conversion into other types of energy.

Front 273

worldview

Back 273

Set of presuppositions or assumptions about the basic makeup of the
world.

Front 274

Virginia
Henderson

Back 274

Early nurse researcher and nurse educator best known for her
coauthored Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing
(1955); focused her attention on physiological balance

Front 275

Imogene King

Back 275

Developed the goal attainment model, which focused on three
interacting systems: personal, interpersonal, and social.

Front 276

Katherine
Kolcaba

Back 276

Originator of comfort theory.

Front 277

Madeline
Leininger

Back 277

The first professional nurse to have a Ph.D. in cultural and social
anthropology; developed culture care theory.

Front 278

Myra E. Levine

Back 278

Best known for her development of four conservation principles,
including the conservation of energy and the conservation of
structural, personal, and social integrity.

Front 279

Arlene B. Miller

Back 279

Co-author of Called to Care: A Christian Worldview for Nursing,
which proposes a Judeo-Christian model of caring.

Front 280

Merle Mishel

Back 280

Originator of the theory of uncertainty.

Front 281

Betty Neuman

Back 281

Developed one of the most popular and widely used health systems
theories.

Front 282

Florence
Nightingale

Back 282

The first nursing theorist; worked on a developmental needs theory.

Front 283

Dorothea Orem

Back 283

Believed that life, health, and well-being are maintained by
activities that people initiate on their own, such as breathing and
eating; focused on nursing as a way to restore self-care in patients.

Front 284

Nola Pender

Back 284

Creator of the health promotion model

Front 285

Hildegard Peplau

Back 285

Nurse whose Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual
Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing (1952) focuses on
developmental needs of patients, but even more on interpersonal
relationships by using a psychological model; worked on an
interpersonal theory.

Front 286

Martha Rogers

Back 286

Renowned and influential nursing theorist who is also controversial
for her focus on energy-based practices such as therapeutic touching
and Reiki; originator of the theory of the science of unitary human
beings.

Front 287

Sister Callista
Roy

Back 287

Focused on adaptation and believed the goal of nursing was to
promote adaptive responses

Front 288

Judith Allen
Shelly

Back 288

Co-author of Called to Care: A Christian Worldview for Nursing,
which proposes a Judeo-Christian model of caring.

Front 289

Jean Watson

Back 289

Frmer dean of the School of Nursing at the University of Colorado
and founder of the Center for Human Caring at the University of
Colorado; considers caring to be the essence of nursing practice

Front 290

certified nursing assistants (CNAs)

Back 290

Unlicensed assistive personnel who work in a hospital or nursing home.

Front 291

chaplains

Back 291

People who may, in hospitals and nursing homes, conduct worship services and provide one-on-one counseling and support for residents, their families, and sometimes staff members

Front 292

clinical nurse specialists (CNSs)

Back 292

Nurses who hold a master’s degree in nursing that prepares them for advanced practice roles with clinical expertise in specific areas, such as gerontological, psychiatric, or critical care nursing.

Front 293

dietitians

Back 293

People who plan food and nutrition programs, supervise the preparation and serving of meals, and help prevent and treat illnesses by promoting healthy eating habits and suggesting diet modifications.

Front 294

licensed practical nurses (LPNs)/licensed vocational nurses (LVNs)

Back 294

Nurses responsible for basic medical tasks.

Front 295

NCLEX

Back 295

The National Council Licensure Examination; passage after graduation is necessary to become several types of nurse.

Front 296

nurse practitioners (NPs)

Back 296

Considered primary care providers who, like physicians, can bill directly for their services.

Front 297

occupational therapists (OTs)

Back 297

People who focus on helping patients regain skills to carry out normal activities of daily living and to live as independently as possible.

Front 298

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987

Back 298

Law requiring all nursing assistants working in nursing homes to be certified.

Front 299

physical therapists (PTs)

Back 299

People who focus on increasing and improving mobility, which includes providing rehabilitative care after strokes, heart attacks, or other serious injuries.

Front 300

physicians

Back 300

People who are licensed to practice medicine.

Front 301

registered nurses (RNs)

Back 301

Nurses responsible for direct patient care of all kinds; may have technical training as well.

Front 302

social workers (SWs)

Back 302

People responsible for helping patients, nursing home residents, and their families negotiate the health care system.

Front 303

unlicensed assistive personnel

Back 303

Staff most intimately involved with the patient; certified aides work under the supervision of registered or practical nurses and are engaged in basic patient or resident care.

Front 304

accountability

Back 304

Vested in someone who must be able to explain actions and results.

Front 305

authority

Back 305

Vested in those who are primarily responsible for making administrative decisions.

Front 306

centralized

Back 306

Describes organizations wherein the people in authority are usually managers of the organization who generally have little, if any, direct contact with patients and their families.

Front 307

chain of command

Back 307

The structure indicating who is responsible and accountable to whom.

Front 308

decentralized

Back 308

Describes organizations wherein the decision-making process is collaborative, and decisions are made in practice settings by people who have direct contact with patients and their families

Front 309

goal

Back 309

A specific aim, object, or end result that one hopes to attain.

Front 310

job descriptions

Back 310

Outline the specific roles and responsibilities of employees.

Front 311

mission

Back 311

An organization's primary purpose or reason for existing.

Front 312

mission statements

Back 312

Statement communicating an organization's purpose to employees and consumers; generally includes information about whom the organization serves and how a service will be provided.

Front 313

objectives

Back 313

A more specific goal statement.

Front 314

organizational chart

Back 314

Chart clearly indicating the various roles and relationships in that organization

Front 315

philosophy

Back 315

System of basic underlying principles; in an organizational context, statements of beliefs and values about the work in which the organization is engaged and the people the organization serves.

Front 316

responsibility

Back 316

Refers to reliability, dependability, and obligation to accomplish work at an acceptable level.

Front 317

standards

Back 317

Criteria established for use as a rule, measurement, or basis for comparison

Front 318

strategies

Back 318

Specific actions that can be taken in order to meet goals.

Front 319

academic health center

Back 319

Teaching institution (generally a hospital) directly affiliated with a school of medicine and at least one other health professional school.

Front 320

acute care facilities

Back 320

Facilities that primarily provide inpatient care.

Front 321

adult day care

Back 321

Care designed for older people and for people with disabilities who cannot safely stay at home alone during the day, but who have family support at other times.

Front 322

affiliated teaching hospital

Back 322

Hospital that will provide clinical experiences for physicians-in-training, but are not directly associated with schools.

Front 323

ambulatory care facilities

Back 323

Health care facilities that provide care to people when they do not require hospitalization

Front 324

assisted living facilities

Back 324

Facilities for people who are able to independently engage in many activities of daily living but may also need help with others.

Front 325

community mental health center

Back 325

Institutions designed to keep people with mental illness in their communities rather than in institutions; these centers focus on management of psychiatric disorders.

Front 326

custodial care

Back 326

Nonskilled care such as help with basic activities of daily living for people with some degree of physical or cognitive impairment.

Front 327

dialysis center

Back 327

Institution focused on providing dialysis to individuals

Front 328

exacerbations

Back 328

In this context, when a disease “flares up” or becomes worse

Front 329

extended care facilities

Back 329

Long-term care facilities such as nursing homes, assisted living facilities, retirement communities, and rehabilitation facilities

Front 330

government-funded health care agencies

Back 330

Facilities owned and operated by the government at the federal, state, or local level; provide care to certain classes of citizens, such as veterans, at no cost.

Front 331

home care agencies

Back 331

Provide a range of services, including skilled nursing, especially to people who have been recently discharged from the hospital.

Front 332

hospices

Back 332

Facilities designed to meet the needs of the terminally ill.

Front 333

hospitals

Back 333

Acute care facilities that are a primary employer of nurses.

Front 334

inpatient

Back 334

Care occurring while a patient stays within a health care facility.

Front 335

nursing home

Back 335

Residential health care facilities that provide long-term care.

Front 336

outpatient

Back 336

Care occurring briefly or not at all inside a health care facility.

Front 337

palliative care

Back 337

Care that alleviates symptoms such as pain, nausea, or constipation.

Front 338

proprietary health care agencies

Back 338

For-profit institutions owned and usually operated by individuals, families, or corporations known as investors.

Front 339

public health departments

Back 339

Government-funded agencies generally located in cities or larger communities that serve the needs of the community as a whole; generally focus on preventing communicable diseases.

Front 340

rehabilitation centers

Back 340

Health care facilities offering specialized, generally long-term rehabilitative care

Front 341

respite care

Back 341

Care provided by a professional practitioner in the place of caregivers, usually family members, who need time off; usually privately purchased.

Front 342

restorative care

Back 342

Care often required by patients of rehabilitation services who have reached their maximum level of function; for example, daily assistance with active or passive range of motion exercises.

Front 343

retirement communities

Back 343

Generally consist of private homes and offer an array of services similar to what people could receive in any community.

Front 344

skilled care

Back 344

Any care that requires the skills of technical or professional personnel.

Front 345

skilled nursing facility units

Back 345

Units of patients, often in nursing homes, that require skilled care.

Front 346

unit manager

Back 346

A registered nurse responsible for the overall management of patients on a hospital unit, including comprehensive care planning.

Front 347

urgent care facilities

Back 347

Walk-in clinics becoming increasingly popular because they are generally cheaper than emergency rooms and provide services similar to those in a primary care office.

Front 348

voluntary health care agencies

Back 348

Not-for-profit institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes, and home care agencies, usually owned and operated by tax-exempt organizations like churches, religious or humanitarian groups, community agencies, or fraternal organizations

Front 349

wellness centers

Back 349

Focus on helping people maintain a high quality of life physically, socially, and emotionally

Front 350

accredit

Back 350

To bring into favor or to certify as having met certain set standards.

Front 351

consumers

Back 351

People who buy or use a commodity or service

Front 352

Conditions for Coverage (CfC)

Back 352

Minimum health and safety standards that determine qualification for participation in Medicare and Medicaid.

Front 353

Conditions of Participation (CoP)

Back 353

Minimum health and safety standards that determine qualification for participation in Medicare and Medicaid.

Front 354

deemed status

Back 354

Describes organizations from which the federal government and some state governments will accept evaluations or accreditation of health care facilities

Front 355

environmental protection

Back 355

Aspect of primary care; involves strategies to maintain a safe and healthy environment

Front 356

health education

Back 356

Can involve educating people about the importance of exercising regularly, eating nutritious foods, avoiding tobacco and excess alcohol, managing stress, enhancing social networks, improving economic conditions, clarifying lifestyle values, and achieving a sense of fulfillment in intellectual and spiritual pursuits.

Front 357

health maintenance

Back 357

Broad group of measures to care for the patient's health, including preventive measures, healthy lifestyle, regularly updating one's vaccinations, etc.

Front 358

Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS)

Back 358

The set of standards that this regulatory agency uses to compare and evaluate HMOs.

Front 359

health promotion

Back 359

Helping people to live in a healthier way, in a holistic sense.

Front 360

hospice care

Back 360

Tertiary care given to those who are terminally ill.

Front 361

Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act

Back 361

Law that directed OSHA to revise the blood-borne pathogens standard to include a number of new initiatives aimed at minimizing the risk for health care workers.

Front 362

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Back 362

Law that established OSHA

Front 363

primary care

Back 363

Care given on a patient's initial introduction to the health care system.

Front 364

secondary care

Back 364

Generally rendered in emergency departments and in acute care settings like hospitals, often for the purposes of preventing disease complications and restoring patients to health

Front 365

state boards of nursing

Back 365

Regulatory agencies for nurses

Front 366

state health departments

Back 366

Governmental agencies that generally approve and license health care facilities in their own states.

Front 367

telehealth

Back 367

Use of telecommunications technology to disseminate health information.

Front 368

tertiary care

Back 368

Usually takes place in long-term care settings like nursing homes, assisted living environments, and centers for rehabilitation

Front 369

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

Back 369

Primary federal regulatory agency whose mission is to serve Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries and to make it easier for older people in particular to access information about health care options.

Front 370

Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP)

Back 370

Private organization that provides accreditation to community health agencies and home care agencies; the first accrediting body for community-based health care organizations in the United States.

Front 371

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Back 371

Government agency concerned with overall environmental issues.

Front 372

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Back 372

Federal agency charged with protecting against employment discrimination.

Front 373

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)

Back 373

A private, not-for-profit voluntary regulatory organization that provides oversight to medical facilities as requested.

Front 374

National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)

Back 374

An independent, not-for-profit, private regulatory agency that evaluates and monitors health maintenance organizations and other organizations involved in managed care initiatives.

Front 375

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Back 375

Federal government agency concerned with the health and safety of people in the workplace.

Front 376

advocate

Back 376

Someone who writes or speaks in support of someone or some cause.

Front 377

capitation

Back 377

A monthly payment is made to a health care provider to cover contracted health care services for each member enrolled in a program.

Front 378

case management

Back 378

Strategy that strives for positive health outcomes while containing costs.

Front 379

case mix

Back 379

Distribution of patients into categories reflecting the differences in severity of illness or in resource consumption for purposes such as reimbursement.

Front 380

comorbidity

Back 380

Condition wherein a disease worsens or affects a primary disease.

Front 381

consolidated systems

Back 381

Consist of for-profit or nonprofit multi-hospital systems on any of five levels: large national hospital companies that may be investor-owned; voluntary affiliated systems; regional or state hospital systems; metropolitan-based systems; and special interest-group systems.

Front 382

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

Back 382

Groups of diagnoses and operations that determine the level of reimbursement hospitals will receive from the government for treating Medicare patients.

Front 383

discharge-planning nurses

Back 383

Nurses responsible for planning the in-home and frequently complex post-discharge nursing care often necessary in modern times.

Front 384

disease management

Back 384

Special type of case management focusing on people with complex care needs who may be at high risk for complications from their diseases.

Front 385

fee for service (FFS)

Back 385

Traditional system of payment for health care in the United States; a fee is charged for each service delivered by a provider.

Front 386

health maintenance organization (HMO)

Back 386

Legal corporations (for-profit or not-for-profit) offering health insurance and a range of health services at a fixed price through clinics that are HMO owned and operated or through contracted independent providers.

Front 387

independent practice association (IPA)

Back 387

Group practice that provides health care by physicians.

Front 388

legislation

Back 388

Collective laws.

Front 389

lobby

Back 389

To elicit support, usually from influential people, for something of importance.

Front 390

managed care

Back 390

Care provided under a fixed or preset budget that allows for greater cost management and cost containment.

Front 391

managed competition

Back 391

Various health care organizations compete with each other in terms of the costs and quality of delivered services within a managed care environment.

Front 392

Medicaid

Back 392

Federal program designed to assist people of low income and those who currently receive other forms of public assistance; provides comprehensive medical care and medically related services to vulnerable populations.

Front 393

Medicare

Back 393

Federal health insurance program focusing on those of sixty-five years and older.

Front 394

Minimum Data Set (MDS)

Back 394

Nursing assessment and reassessment tool covering virtually every aspect of care rendered by nurses, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians, and nursing assistants

Front 395

networks

Back 395

Serve regions or health care markets with 100,000 or more residents.

Front 396

Nurse Reinvestment Act (NRA)

Back 396

Law designed to address the acute nursing shortage through innovative educational efforts that include financial help and incentives.

Front 397

outlier

Back 397

A statistically rare event, thing, or person.

Front 398

political action committee (PACs)

Back 398

Organized groups that raise money to elect or defeat candidates who are running for office.

Front 399

preferred provider organization (PPO)

Back 399

A type of capitated health program in which a paying organization negotiates lower rates with certain health care institutions or providers of care.

Front 400

preventive services

Back 400

Services aiming to keep people in the community rather than in more expensive hospitals and long-term care settings.

Front 401

prospective payment system

Back 401

System in which a health care provider will be reimbursed for a service based on a predetermined and fixed reimbursement amount for that service, regardless of what the service actually costs the provider to render.

Front 402

rationing

Back 402

In this context, resource allocation or the fair distribution of goods and services.

Front 403

resource utilization groups (RUGs)

Back 403

The nursing home equivalent of diagnosis-related groups.

Front 404

special interest groups

Back 404

Groups aiming to influence legislation; include the tobacco industry, labor unions, insurance companies, and disease-specific interest groups like the American Heart Association.

Front 405

staff nurses

Back 405

Nurses who work directly with patients.

Front 406

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Back 406

Federal income supplement program, funded by general tax revenues rather than Social Security taxes, designed to assist people over age sixty-five as well as blind and disabled individuals who have little or no income.

Front 407

testify

Back 407

To bear witness or give evidence.

Front 408

third-party payers

Back 408

Organizations that finance health care, such as insurance companies.

Front 409

workman’s compensation

Back 409

Federal program that provides some financial coverage for work-related illnesses or for injuries sustained in the workplace.

Front 410

American Association of Managed Care Nurses (AAMCN)

Back 410

Nonprofit association with over two thousand members; established in 1994 to educate nurses about managed health care.

Front 411

ANA Political Action Committee (ANA-PAC)

Back 411

Political action committee operated by the American Nurses Association.

Front 412

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

Back 412

Federal agency responsible for regulating and administering Medicare.

Front 413

TriCouncil for Nursing

Back 413

Organization founded to represent nursing in Washington DC and testify on issues related to nursing education, practice, and research.

Front 414

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 414

An example of a disease made more severe by changes in lifestyle.

Front 415

alternative therapies

Back 415

Therapies considered outside the mainstream of traditional or conventional health care.

Front 416

congregational health care

Back 416

Type of nursing that focuses on the relationship of faith and health and pays more attention to meeting spiritual needs; another name for parish nursing.

Front 417

cultural healers

Back 417

People within a given culture who use traditional remedies.

Front 418

curanderismo

Back 418

Type of Mexican-American folk healing that is spiritual in nature and reflects a synthesis of Mayan, Aztec, and Catholic teachings and traditions, among others.

Front 419

demographics

Back 419

Characteristics of a population

Front 420

medication-assisted treatment (MAT)

Back 420

Combination of medications, counseling, and cognitive-behavioral therapies generally used to treat methamphetamine addiction.

Front 421

methamphetamine

Back 421

Highly addictive central nervous system stimulant and a Schedule II narcotic under the Controlled Substances Act; second only to alcohol and marijuana as the drug used most frequently in many western and midwestern states.

Front 422

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Back 422

Most common pathogen causing health care related infections in health care facilities in the United States and worldwide; a growing health concern.

Front 423

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)

Back 423

Elevated the status of the Office of Alternative Medicine to that of a National Institutes of Health center; established by Congress.

Front 424

nurse practitioner (NP)

Back 424

Nurse with advanced training including a master’s degree in nursing and a nursing specialty; many work in under-served rural areas as primary care nurses.

Front 425

Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM)

Back 425

Organization created by the National Institute of Health to investigate the effectiveness of various unconventional medical practices.

Front 426

parish nurses

Back 426

Registered nurses who generally have some community health background and work in health teaching, health counseling, and advocacy roles to help meet the needs of people within their own congregations or other congregations.

Front 427

role change

Back 427

Changes, alterations, or shifts in the traditional family structure.

Front 428

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Back 428

An example of a new disease that can create enormous strains on the health care system and require additional training for nurses and other health care personnel around the world.

Front 429

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Back 429

A group of about thirty different infections and diseases that can be passed from one person to another by sexual contact.

Front 430

stoicism

Back 430

A control of feelings that is valued in some cultures.

Front 431

traditional remedies

Back 431

Remedies used by cultural healers; might consist of herbal ingredients and also might be accompanied by ritual when associated specifically with a religious belief system.

Front 432

accredit

Back 432

To bring into credit or favor, and to authorize or give credentials to someone.

Front 433

American Journal of Nursing (AJN)

Back 433

The official nursing journal of the ANA.

Front 434

American Nurse

Back 434

Newspaper that’s free for its members and contains current news relevant to all aspects of nursing; also a forum for nurses to share opinions.

Front 435

ANA position paper of 1965

Back 435

Controversial paper recommending the minimal preparation for beginning professional practice should be a baccalaureate degree education, and the minimum preparation for beginning technical nursing practice should be an associate degree nursing education.

Front 436

ANA social policy statement

Back 436

Defines nursing as a complex, highly interactive, noninvasive, and nurturing discipline focusing on helping people gain or maintain health rather than on diagnosing and treating disease, though diagnosis and treatment are components of nursing practice.

Front 437

Capitol Update

Back 437

Monthly ANA newsletter that includes information about current issues addressed in Congress.

Front 438

certification

Back 438

Process by which nurses who have documented clinical expertise and advanced knowledge in a specific area of nursing can take written exams in that subject.

Front 439

collective bargaining

Back 439

Involves negotiations between organized workers and their employers for the purpose of reaching an agreement on issues such as wages, hours of service, working conditions, and fringe benefits.

Front 440

Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship

Back 440

A significant peer-reviewed journal published by the honor society Sigma Theta Tau International, Inc.

Front 441

Imprint

Back 441

The official NSNA journal.

Front 442

International Nursing Review

Back 442

The ICN's official publication; considered the world’s first international nursing journal.

Front 443

NLN Update

Back 443

The NLN’s biweekly official newsletter.

Front 444

Nursing Education Perspectives

Back 444

Journal of the National League for Nursing that provides a forum forthe exchange of information and ideas regarding nursing education, faculty issues, and the design, implementation, and evaluation of innovative programs.

Front 445

Nursing Outlook

Back 445

Official journal of the AAN; focuses on current issues and trends in nursing practice, education, and research.

Front 446

Nursys

Back 446

Nursing information system that provides detailed information on licensed nurses nationwide and may be used in the future for verifying licensure and identifying disciplinary actions.

Front 447

state nurses associations (SNAs)

Back 447

State-level nurses associations that may or may not be affiliated withthe American Nurses Association.

Front 448

American Academy of Nursing (AAN)

Back 448

Independent honorary organization with the purpose of anticipating national and international trends in health care and addressing resulting issues of health care knowledge and policy; initially formed by the ANA.

Front 449

American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)

Back 449

Organization whose members consist of deans and directors of four-year baccalaureate degree-granting schools of nursing that are affiliated with colleges or universities.

Front 450

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Back 450

The primary professional association for all registered nurses.

Front 451

American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)

Back 451

Organization created by the ANA to provide certification for nurses in various specialties.

Front 452

American Nurses Foundation (ANF)

Back 452

National philanthropic organization established by the ANA that supports, coordinates, and funds nursing research, disseminates pertinent research findings, and manages related grants.

Front 453

American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE)

Back 453

Subsidiary of the American Hospital Association founded in 1967 for nurses in leadership roles who plan, facilitate, and manage care.

Front 454

American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses

Back 454

The first organization for nursing in the United States.

Front 455

Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)

Back 455

An autonomous agency founded by the AACN to serve as an accrediting body for baccalaureate and graduate degree nursing programs.

Front 456

International Council of Nurses (ICN)

Back 456

Federation of national nurses associations that represent nurses in approximately 120 countries, including the United States.

Front 457

National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)

Back 457

Organization that works with all state nursing organizations and other legal regulatory bodies that are responsible for testing and licensing nurses and regulating nursing practice.

Front 458

National League for Nursing (NLN)

Back 458

Organization focusing on evaluating and reforming all aspects of nursing education and improving educational standards.

Front 459

National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC)

Back 459

A separate but related organization formed by the NLN that accredits postsecondary and higher degree nursing schools.

Front 460

National League for Nursing Education (NLNE)

Back 460

The name given to the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses in 1912.

Front 461

National Organization for Associate Degree Nursing (N-OADN)

Back 461

Organization that advocates for associate degree nursing education and for practicing nurses with associate degrees.

Front 462

National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)

Back 462

Student-run and student-funded organization for student nurses.

Front 463

Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada

Back 463

Professional nursing organization founded in 1896; its American components became the ANA in 1911, while Canadian nurses wenton to form their own organization.

Front 464

Nursing Knowledge International

Back 464

A subsidiary of Sigma Theta Tau.

Front 465

Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)

Back 465

Honor society that provides leadership and scholarship in practice, education, and research with a goal of enhancing health for all people.

Front 466

United American Nurses (UAN)

Back 466

A labor union established by the ANA.

Front 467

Lavinia Dock

Back 467

Prominent founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses.

Front 468

Ethel Gordon Fenwick

Back 468

British nurse who founded the International Council of Nurses andthe Royal British Nurses Association.

Front 469

Isabel Hampton

Back 469

Prominent founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses.

Front 470

Adelaide Nutting

Back 470

Prominent founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses.

Front 471

nursing informatics

Back 471

Type of health care informatics focusing on information systems in the delivery, administration, documentation, and evaluation of patient care and disease prevention.

Front 472

Pew Charitable Trusts

Back 472

Support various nonprofit activities, including those related to healthand human services and public policy.

Front 473

professional functions

Back 473

Complex functions requiring expert skill and judgment.

Front 474

SAFE

Back 474

Acronym meaning standardized where appropriate, accountable to the public, flexible to support a safe and competent workforce, and effective and efficient to promote the public’s safety and welfare.

Front 475

technical functions

Back 475

Intermediate functions requiring skill, some judgment, and technical training.

Front 476

An Abstract for Action (Lysaught report) (1970)

Back 476

Nursing education and practice study that set forth recommendationsfor more research in nursing education and practice.

Front 477

Community College Education for Nursing (1959)

Back 477

Reported the findings of a five-year study of eight pilot nursing programs, including the fact that all graduates from two-year programs passed their examinations.

Front 478

The Education of Nursing Technicians (Montag study) (1951)

Back 478

Proposed a continuum of nursing functions consisting of assisting functions, technical functions, and professional functions.

Front 479

Educational Preparation for Nurse Practitioners and Assistants to Nurses (1965)

Back 479

A position paper by the American Nurses Association arguing that a master’s degree should be required for clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), a bachelor’s degree for practice as a professional nurse, and the two-year associate degree for the role of technical nurse.

Front 480

Goldmark report: Nursing and Nursing Education in the United States (1923)

Back 480

The first significant nursing study of the labor market in the 20th century; recommended basic hospital training as well as postgraduate classes and fieldwork in public health nursing education.

Front 481

Health Professions Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation (1993)

Back 481

Report funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts that primarily recommended a greater emphasis on teamwork and interdisciplinary collaboration; also encouraged interdisciplinary education for schools of nursing.

Front 482

Healthy People 2010: The Cornerstone for Prevention

Back 482

National initiative focusing on health promotion and disease prevention; a study in the sense that various disciplines can provide the federal government with feedback on how well the health objectives are being met.

Front 483

National Commission on Nursing study (1981)

Back 483

Focused on issues of the work environment, including job satisfaction, recruitment and retention, and interdisciplinary relationships among nurses, physicians, and hospital administrative personnel; addressed the nurse’s educational preparation to make independent, autonomous decisions.

Front 484

National Commission on Nursing Implementation Project (1985)

Back 484

Formed to implement the findings of the National Institute of Medicine and National Commission on Nursing studies conducted inthe early 1980s; focused on nursing service delivery systems, education, and information, including nursing research and nursing informatics.

Front 485

National Institute of Medicine study (1983)

Back 485

A study mandated by the Nurse Training Act of 1979 that recommended government funding be targeted at graduate study in nursing and training nursing specialists, which resulted in a serious national nursing shortage, especially in long-term care settings, due to a drop in enrollment across the United States.

Front 486

Nursing for the Future (Brown report) (1948)

Back 486

Study of fifty nursing schools that aimed to discover the probable nature of health services in the second half of the twentieth century and the kind of educational preparation needed by nurses to meet thepostwar and future needs of society.

Front 487

Pew Health Professions Commission report (1995, 1998)

Back 487

Identified primary concerns related to a change in professional education, professional licensure, and workforce policy in health care.

Front 488

A Program for the Nursing Profession (Ginzberg report) (1948)

Back 488

Study focusing on the nursing shortage of the time; concluded the primary reasons for the shortage were inadequate economic incentives, a need for more adequate health care, and inefficient use of nursing resources and nursing potential.

Front 489

Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach (1979)

Back 489

Review of credentialing in nursing that supported the development of a credentialing center for nurses.

Front 490

Katherine Bauer

Back 490

Led the National Institute of Medicine study.

Front 491

Esther Lucile Brown

Back 491

Social anthropologist and director of the Department of Studies in the Professions of the Russell Sage Foundation; also the author of the Brown report.

Front 492

Eli Ginzberg

Back 492

Professor of economics at Columbia University; conducted a study with colleagues from nursing, medicine, and the social sciences thatresulted in the publication of the Ginzberg report.

Front 493

Josephine Goldmark

Back 493

Chief investigator in the Goldmark report.

Front 494

Inez Hinsvark

Back 494

Primary researcher for The Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach.

Front 495

Jerome P. Lysaught

Back 495

Nurse researcher who worked with the National Commission for theStudy of Nursing and Nursing Education to conduct the study that would be the basis for the Lysaught report.

Front 496

Mildred Montag

Back 496

Author of the Montag study and Community College Education for Nursing.