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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Reformation
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Creation of various protestant churches, brought about change in the role of women
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Hospital care suring the reformation
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relegated to uncommon women, criminals, prostitutes, drunks
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The nurse was regards as what during the reformation
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Most menial of servants
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Order of the Deaconesses
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earliest counterparts to the community health nurse, carried a basket, nursing required strict obedience and devotion, setting asides owns own needs
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Sisters of Mercy
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Roman catholic society, nursed for cholera
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Sisters of charity
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nursed sick in asylums and poorhouses, developed educational programs for nurses, established order in the US
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Monastic Orders
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earliest organizations for men, responded to the needs of the Black Plague, emphasied bathing as treatment
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Military Nursing Order
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founded during the crusades
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Crimean War
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filthy barracks, no beds, basins, or soap, death rate 60%, Florance Nightingale cleaned up the barracks, death rate fell to 1%
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American Revolution
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laywomen followed husbands to war and were often used as nurses, makeshift hospitals, smallpox early preventative treatment
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American Civil War
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public recognized the need for trained nurses, Clara Barton formed American Red Cross, surgeons tried to make condition hard for the nurses
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WWI
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increased demand for trained nurses, Army School of Nurses was founded, nurses must be unmarried, influenza, pneumonia, and typhus claimed the lives of many nursesand doctors, admitted black nurses
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WWII
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increased efforts to recruit women, Bolton Act created US Cadet Nurse Corps, roles of nurse changed to supervisor
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Korean/Nam Conflict
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MASH units, helicopters, triage evolution, antibiotics and medical tech
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Gulf War
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gas masks became standard issue, nurses had to care for innocent women and children, deployment to combat areas, GI bill included payment to families
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Where are the most immigrants from
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latin america and asia, cultural education programs added to nursing education
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Graying of America
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older patients require more care, by 2030 20% of population total
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Consumer Movement
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consumers more knowledgeable and demanding in health care needs, search for alternatives, nurses need to research innovative systems of care
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Florence Nightingale
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great influence on pt care, Crimean War, mortality changed 42.7% to 2.2% in 6 months, focus on sanitation and hygiene, continuing education
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Clara Barton
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school teacher, directed relief operations during Civil War, organized the American Red Cross
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Dorothea Dix
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school teacher, known for effort on behalf of mentally ill, state psychiatric institution, state hospital for the insane, penology
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What is Penology
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study of prisions
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Harriet Ross Tubman
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abolitionist, "Conductor of the Underground Railroad", tending to wounded soldiers during Civil War regardless of color
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Sojourner Truth
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born into slavery, nurse union soldiers, worker for improvement for black volunteer regiments
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Isabel Hampton Robb
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radical changes to nursing education, cut students workday to 10 hours, eliminated free private duty services
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Mary Breckinridge
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after WWI established the Frontier Nursing Service, first midwifery training school in the US
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Mildred Montag
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"Community College Education for Nurses" establishment of Associate Degree Nursing Education
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Lavinia Dock
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womens rights activist, women to vote, key figure in community health nursing, Henry Street Setlement with Mary Brewster and Lillian Wald
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Virginia Henderson
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taught that the pt is a person who requires hwlp toward independence
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Mary Mahoney
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americas first african american nurse
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Hildegard Peplau
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psychiatric nurse instructor, described the nurse-client relationship
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Melinda Ann (linda) Richards
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americas first trained nurse, key figure in the development of nursing education
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Margaret Sanger
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first birth control clinic, battled for the free dissemination of birth control
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Lillian Wald
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neighborhood nursing service for the sick and poor, founder of public health nursing
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International Council of Nurses (ICN)
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social and economic welfare of nurses, the role of nurses in health care, roles of nurses and governing bodies, reps from 104 nurses, headquarters in Geneva
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American Nurses Association (ANA)
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professional association for RN's, 50 state nurses associations, membership limited to RN's, collective barganing, direct services to members ie; insurance
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American Association of College of Nursing (AACN)
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improvement for higher education, membership limited to deans and directors of programs that offer BA, MA degrees
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National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)
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replaced council of state boards, provide forum for the legal regulatory bodies of all states to act together, one delegate from each state
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National League for Nursing (NLN)
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first nuring organization in the US, advances the quality of nursing education to meet needs of diverse population
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5 Goals of the NLN
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1. nursing education 2. faculty development 3. research 4. data collection 5. assessment and evaluation
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American Academy of Nursing (AAN)
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recognized nurses who have a significant contributions to the profession of nursing
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National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
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for students in schools of nursing, "Breakthrough into Nursing", recruitment and maintain the enrollment
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National Organization of Associate Degree Nursing (NOADN)
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4 purposes; 1. speak for AND education and practice 2. reinforce the value of AND education and practice 3. maintain endorsement of RN licensure 4. retain RN licensure and exam for AND
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North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA)
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opened to individuals as well as groups, uniform terminology and definitions used in nursing diagnosis
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Bolton Act of 1943
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established the Cadet Nurse Corps, addressed the nursing shortage in WWII, first federal program to subsidize education for the study of nursing
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Nurse Training Act of 1964
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allows for financial assistance for nursing schools, students, and graduates taking higher courses
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ANA position paper advocated for what in terms of nursing education
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All nurses should be trained to the level of BS
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PEW Health Professions Commission report described what
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competencies for health professionals
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Practical/Vocational
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1 year of instruction, 1/3 class 2/3 clinical, hospital of long-term care setting
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Diploma Programs
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earliest type of education in the US, administered by hospitals, vary fro 27-36 months, <10%
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Associate Degree Programs
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prepares more RN's than any other program, based on planned research and experimentation 4 factors; 1. rise of 2 year colleges 2. cadet nurse program 3. studies on nursing education 4. nurse shortage
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Baccalaureate Degree Education
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4 year college or university, 120 semester hours
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Masters Degree Prep
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at least one year to completion, many different arena and way to complete
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Doctoral Studies
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leadership role in education and research
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National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC)
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responsible for the accreditation of nursing education schools and programs, recognized by the department of education
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Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)
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recognized by the US secretary of education, contributes to the improvement of the publics health
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What are credentials
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written proof of qualifications
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What does the nurse practice act contain
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definition of nursing, addresses qualifications for licensure, use of titles, renewal and CE, gradfathers nurses education programs
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Quality Management and Quality Improvement
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any evaluation of services provided as compared with accepted standards
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Peer Review and Quality Assurance
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1st systematic evaluation of health care services, set up medicare and caid, required to evaluate outcomes
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Outcomes Measures
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actual health results in clients and communities served, show effectiveness as a whole, and available services
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Hospital Health Care Outcomes
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infection and morbitiy/mortality rates associated with specific procedures
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Individual Institutional Outcomes Measurement
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data such as surgery without complications and those with
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Clincal Pathway
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also called clinical path, care map, recovery path, desired progression thru the system for particular health problem
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Risk Managment
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effort to reduce and asses risks to pt's, staff, organizational assets within a health care institution
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Civil Law
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regulates conduct between private individuals or businesses, enforced through the courts as damages
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Criminal Law
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addresses the general welfare of the public, called a crime and is prosecuted by the government
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Statutory Law
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rule or formal regulation enacted by government legislative authority, congress, state, city that appears in writing
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Where are statutory laws published
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in codes, key aspect is that they are broken down into specific rules
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Statutory law includes which laws
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constitutional law and enacted law
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Which law has the greatest authority
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constitutional law, enacted law next
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Common Law
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common usage, customs, and judicial law (court rulings), based on english common law, is fluid and changes over time
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Tort
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civil wrong committed by one person against another person or property may also be a crime
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Intentional Tort
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a tort in which the outcome was planned
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Unintentional Tort
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wrong committed against another person or property that was not intended to happen
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Negligence
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carelessness or failure to act as a prudent person would ordinarily act under the same circumstances
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Negligence has 4 characteristics
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harm must have occured
person must have duty found to failed to fulfill duty harm must be shown and caused by breach of duty |
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Malpractice
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any misconduct or lack of skill in carrying out professional responsibilities
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Elements of Malpractice
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Harm to indiviual
Breach of duty Duty of professional to act Breach causes harm |
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Assault
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the intentional and unlawful offer to touch a person in a offensive manner
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Battery
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is the actual touch of a person
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Invasion of Privacy
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all pt information is considered private
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Fraud
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the wilful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause harm to a person or property
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Defamation of Character
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is an intentional tort, one party make derogatory comments about another
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Libel
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written deformation
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Slander
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oral deformation
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False Imprisonment
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making a person stay in a place against his wishes
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Abondonment
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could be violation of common law, must have someone else to provide care when leaving pt
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Breach of Duty
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failure to perform an act required by law or the performance of an act in an unlawful way
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Contract
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an agreement between two parties , contracts with pt are often implied
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What are the 2 elements of a verbal contract?
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Preamble-explanation
Termination Claause-explains the rights of the parties |
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Respondeat Superior
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allows the court to hold a employer responsible for the actions of an employee when performing services for the organization
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Practice Standards
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standardized specifications developed through a process that uses the best evidence
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Grievance
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real or imagined feeling of personal injustice that an employee has about the employment relationship
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Living Will
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an advanced directive that indicates what an indiviual wants done in regards to lifesaving treatments
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Durable Power of Attorney
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document that allows a pt to appoint an agent to make health care decisions
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Health Care Records
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legal documents, should support that all policies and procedures were followed
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Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR)
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Limitations on resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest
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Incident, variance, occurrence report
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documentation healthcare to document the occurance of anything
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Informed Consent/ Informed Refusal
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every person has the right to consent or refuse health care treatment
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What are the components of informed consent/ informed refusal
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Disclosure
Comprehension Competence Voluntariness |
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Capacity/ competence to give consent
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a persons ability to make judgements based on rational understanding
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Role of the nurse
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the patient is free to refuse and aspect of care offered
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Nursing liability
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personal- the responsibility and accountability for ones own actions
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Institutional liability
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employer- employer can be held responsible for torts committed by an employee
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Supervisor liability
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in the role of the supervisor the nurse can be liable for the actions of others
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Pt abuse
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is any action of failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering misery of harm to the pt
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Verbal Abuse
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any verbal communication which violate the well being or dignity of the consumer
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Abuse by Failure to Act
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neglecting the care of apt which results in physical or psychological harm
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Condoning Abuse
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when you permit abusive conduct toward a pt by any staff
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Licensure
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legal credential conferred by an individual state that grants permission to practice a given profession
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Role of the state board of nursing (SBON)
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each state has its own set of administrative rules and regulations
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CArrying out medical orders
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nurse has responsibility to critically exam medical orders that are written for pt, nurse is not responsiblefor the medical order
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License by endorsement
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process of obtaining a nursing license in a new state
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Grounds for license revocation
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professional misconduct
subtance abuse fraud or deceit Criminal conviction practicing outside scope default on govt. loan |
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Definition of expert witness
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a witness called to testify because of expert knowledge skill experience training or education, in the form of opinion
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Pathogens
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hep b, hiv, hep c, contact through blood
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Multidrug-resistant organisms
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CDC infection control in hospitals, use standard precautions
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Toxins- asbestos, latex
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may develope allergy to latex, can cause asthma, dermatitis
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Whistle blowing
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most are internal, generally report misconduct, wistleblowers are protected from retaliation
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Harassment
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wide spectrum of offensive behaviors, legal sense, behaviors that are found threatening or disturbing
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Adequate staffing
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can change length of stay and mortality, causes a decline in pt safety
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Taft Hartley Act
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prohibits agreements between labor unions and employers making membership dues or fees a condition of employment either before or after hiring
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At-will employment
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an employment relationship where either party may break the realationship with no liability
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Personal values
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determining bases for making ethical decisions
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Accountability
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answerable for how one carries out responsibility as a nurse
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Altruism
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sense of unconditional concern for the welfare of others
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Autonomy
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right of each person who is capable of making informed choices to make those choices related to treatments and life
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Human dignity
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moral concept or legal term, humans should not be treated as objects
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Loyalty
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commitment, the act of binding yourself to a course of action, steadfast allegiance or duty
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Fidelity
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the obligation to be faithful to the agreement commitment and responsibilities that one has made
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Fidelity is the foundation for which concept that in heard in nursing
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accountability
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Elements of the International council of nurses code
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Nurses & people
Nurses & practice Nurses & the profession Nurses & Co-workers |
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What is the nurses social policy statement
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nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
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Informed consent
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nurses responsibility to question if the pt has indeed given informed consent, if any question consent has not been given
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Advanced directives
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every health care facility must make pt aware of their right to refuse or accept treatment
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Autonomy
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pt right to self determination, necessitates that the person is informed of available options all positive and negative consequences be discussed
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HIPAA (release)
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only information that the pt specifically releases may be shared with others
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Parentalism
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embraces the belief that the provider knows best
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Identify Professional Practice Limitations
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be aware of self-concept, values and personal insight
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Serve as Pt advocate
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to speak or write in support
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Maintain professional competence
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be aware of changes in area of practice
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Teleological/Utilitarian theories
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Consequence based, focuses on the short and long term outcomes of action in light of the greatest good
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Deontological theories
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Principle based, rightness or wrongness of action depends on the moral significants of the action
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Caring theories
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Relationship based, achieved through collaborative relationships
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Social equity and justice theories
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equitable distribution of social, economic, and political resources
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Veracity
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to tell the truth, health care providers are honest
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Confidentiality
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responsibility of health care providers to respect the pt privacy
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Privacy
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pt right in all matters, the nurse must uphold
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Fidelity
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loyalty, commitment to duty or others
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Respect for autonomy
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even if the nurse does not agree the pt still has the right to make decision about the health and care
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Non-malfeasance
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prohibits deliberate harm and demands weighing risk with benefits of treatment
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Ethical dilemmas
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occurs when there is a conflict between 2 ethical principles
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Abortion
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termination of pregnancy before 6th month, theraputic (medical reasons)
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Eugenics
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the study of methods to improve inherited human characteristics, improving the quality of life
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Negative eugenics
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marriage restriction, sterilization,
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Purpose of ethics committee
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to protect the dignity, right safety, and well being of individuals
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Role of ethics committee
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3 major fuctions:providing eithics consults, developing policies, facilitating education
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Situational leadership
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leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables
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Lewins theory of changes
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Stage 1-becoming motivated
Stage 2-change what needs changed Stage 3-make the change permanent |
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Transformational leadership
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focus on the connections formed between leaders and followers, motivate and inspire people
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Transactional leadership
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focus on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance, system of rewards and punishments, often used in business
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Democratic leadership
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also known as participative leadership, members and group take proactive role in decision making, usually most effective, increases moral
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Autocratic leadership
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authoritarian leadership, individual control over all decision making, rarely accept advice from followers, absolute
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Laissez-faire leadership
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delegative leadership, leaders are hands off, allow group members to make decisions, lowest productivity
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Quantum leadership
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create enviornment that propel their organizations to new levels of success, combined active engagement of all members
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Resource management
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shared decision making, communicate clearly, build consensus, and inspire people to do their best
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Roles shared by professional nurses (ASN)
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provider of care
manager of care member of profession |
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Roles and functions of ASN nurse
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clinical bedside nurse
home health care nurse school nurse problem identification user of research findings |
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Roles and functions of BSN nurse
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Unit manager
community health practitioner clinical educator interpreter and evaluator of research interdisciplinary researcher |
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Roles and functions of MSN nurse
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Nurse practitioner
clinical nurse specialist coinvestigator promoter of clinical research |
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Practice setting for ASN nurse
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Home health care
hospital clinics long-term care |
