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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transgenic plants |
Those plants which carry additional, stably integrated and expressed foreign genes from trans species. |
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Genetic transformation |
The whole process of transgenic plants development involving introduction, integration and expression of a foreign gene(s) in the host. |
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Agrobacterium mediated transformation |
First step in the process of development of a transgenic plant involves the formation of the recombinant plasmid and its transfer to plant cells For the recombinant formation, T-DNA needs to be disarmed. To do this the genes encoding the proteins for the production of auxin and cytokinin are simply removed from the T-DNA fragment. New DNA can the be inserted between the left and right border repeats |
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Functional units of T-DNA plasmid vectors |
- a broad host range origin of replication - An antibiotic resistance gene for plasmid selection in bacteria - A multiple cloning site located between right and left border elements for insertion of the target gene - A dominant selectable/screenable marker gene for selection of transformed plant cells |
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Agrobacterium Insertion mechanism |
The wounded plant cells at the edge release substances that attract the Agrobacteria and cause them to inject DNA into these cells. Only those plant cells that take up the appropriate DNA and express the selectable marker gene survive to proliferate and form a callus The growth factors supplied to the callus induce it to form shoots and roots and grow into adult plants carrying the transgene. |
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Transgenic Plants : applications |
- development of insect, virus and herbicide resistant plant - Development of stress tolerant plant like oxidative stress and salt stress - Modification of plant nutritional content like amino acid, lipid, vitamin and iron - plants as bioreactor for production of antibodies, polymers etc. - synthesis of edible vaccines - Delayed ripening - Production of bioplastics |
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Insecticidal resistance |
A gene for an insecticidal protoxin produced by one of several sub species of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis |
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Insecticidal resistance |
A gene for an insecticidal protoxin produced by one of several sub species of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis |
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B. thuringiensis working mechanism |
B. thuringiensis During sporulation forms intracellular crystalline bodies that contain an insecticidal protein called the delta-endotoxin. The delta endotoxin protein (cry I, cry II, cry III and others) accumulated in the bacterium as an inactive precursor. After ingestion by the insect this protoxin is cleaved by proteases resulting in shorter versions of the protein that display the toxic activity, by binding to the inside of the insects gut and damaging the surface epithelium. |
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Virus resistant plants |
Coat protein gene, antisense RNA approach and ribozymemediated protection. First transgenic plant of this type was tobacco. Contained a coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) In another approach the transgenic expression of dysfunctional viral movement proteins (MP) is used to make plant virus resistant |
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Virus resistant plants |
Coat protein gene, antisense RNA approach and ribozymemediated protection. First transgenic plant of this type was tobacco. Contained a coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) In another approach the transgenic expression of dysfunctional viral movement proteins (MP) is used to make plant virus resistant |
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Coat protein mechanism |
Blocking of the process of uncoating of virus particles which is necessary for viral genome replication as well as expression. |
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Virus resistant plants |
Coat protein gene, antisense RNA approach and ribozymemediated protection. First transgenic plant of this type was tobacco. Contained a coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) In another approach the transgenic expression of dysfunctional viral movement proteins (MP) is used to make plant virus resistant |
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Coat protein mechanism |
Blocking of the process of uncoating of virus particles which is necessary for viral genome replication as well as expression. |
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Movement proteins likely mechanism |
Competition for plasmodesmatal binding sites between the mutant MP and the wild type MP of the inoculated virus |
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Herbicidal resistance |
Two approaches used. First, the target protein of the herbicide (ESPS synthase) can be overproduced so that resistance occurs as a consequence of having more enzymes available to the cell. Second, expression of a mutant version of EPSP synthase that is resistant to the herbicide within cells |
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Modification of plant nutritional content |
Jenna ticket engineer rice (popularly known as golden rice) which is enriched in pro-vitamin A by introducing three genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids, the precursor of vitamin A. To obtain a functional pro vitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway in rice endosperm, genes coding for phytoene synthase (psy) and lycopene cyclase (lyc) both from Narcissus pseudonarcissus together with a gene coding phytoene desaturase (crt I, from bacteria Erwinia uredovora) were introduced. Additional experiments later revealed that the presence of lyc was not necessary because psy and crt I alone were able to drive beta-carotene synthesis as well as the formation of further downstream xanthophylls |
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Modification of plant nutritional content |
Jenna ticket engineer rice (popularly known as golden rice) which is enriched in pro-vitamin A by introducing three genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids, the precursor of vitamin A. To obtain a functional pro vitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway in rice endosperm, genes coding for phytoene synthase (psy) and lycopene cyclase (lyc) both from Narcissus pseudonarcissus together with a gene coding phytoene desaturase (crt I, from bacteria Erwinia uredovora) were introduced. Additional experiments later revealed that the presence of lyc was not necessary because psy and crt I alone were able to drive beta-carotene synthesis as well as the formation of further downstream xanthophylls |
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Plants as bioreactors |
Term Plantibodies is used for antibodies that are synthesised in transgenic plants. The difference between Plantibodies and edible vaccines is that Plantibodies are premade antibodies that are produced in the transgenic plants; where as edible vaccines promote the production of specific antibodies by the human immune system once the vaccine is administered to the patient Plantibodies are advantageous for people who are immuno suppressed and are unable to produce antibodies even after they are vaccinated |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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Antisense technology mechanism |
Permanently introduce an anti-sense copy of the gene of polygalaturonase with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. expression of the anti-sense copy of the Gene gives antisense RNA molecules. antisense RNA binds to the normal Sense RNA preventing the tomato from making the usual amount of Polygalacturonase. |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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Antisense technology mechanism |
Permanently introduce an anti-sense copy of the gene of polygalaturonase with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. expression of the anti-sense copy of the Gene gives antisense RNA molecules. antisense RNA binds to the normal Sense RNA preventing the tomato from making the usual amount of Polygalacturonase. |
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Production of bio plastic |
The bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus produce Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and renewable biopolymer. The gene from A. Eutrophus that codes for an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PHB is being transferred to plant for production of biodegradable plastic |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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Antisense technology mechanism |
Permanently introduce an anti-sense copy of the gene of polygalaturonase with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. expression of the anti-sense copy of the Gene gives antisense RNA molecules. antisense RNA binds to the normal Sense RNA preventing the tomato from making the usual amount of Polygalacturonase. |
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Production of bio plastic |
The bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus produce Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and renewable biopolymer. The gene from A. Eutrophus that codes for an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PHB is being transferred to plant for production of biodegradable plastic |
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Antisense agents |
Inhibit the expression of a target gene in a sequence specific manner |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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Antisense technology mechanism |
Permanently introduce an anti-sense copy of the gene of polygalaturonase with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. expression of the anti-sense copy of the Gene gives antisense RNA molecules. antisense RNA binds to the normal Sense RNA preventing the tomato from making the usual amount of Polygalacturonase. |
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Production of bio plastic |
The bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus produce Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and renewable biopolymer. The gene from A. Eutrophus that codes for an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PHB is being transferred to plant for production of biodegradable plastic |
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Antisense agents |
Inhibit the expression of a target gene in a sequence specific manner |
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Types of anti-mRNA strategies currently in use |
1) the use of single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide 2) the triggering of sense strand (mRNA) cleavage by incorporating ribozymes catalytic centres into anti-sense RNA 3) RNA interference induced by small interfering RNA molecules |
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Synthesis of edible vaccines |
A concern with oral vaccines is the degradation of protein components in the stomach (due to low pH and gastric and enzymes) and gut before they can elicit immune responses; but the rigid plant cell wall could provide protection from intestinal degradation |
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Delayed ripening |
Tomatoes have been engineered so that they expresse less of the polygalacturonase enzyme. This was achieved through the antisense technology. This genetically modified tomato marketed under the name flavr savr will therefore resist softening and have extended self life |
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|
Antisense technology mechanism |
Permanently introduce an anti-sense copy of the gene of polygalaturonase with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. expression of the anti-sense copy of the Gene gives antisense RNA molecules. antisense RNA binds to the normal Sense RNA preventing the tomato from making the usual amount of Polygalacturonase. |
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Production of bio plastic |
The bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus produce Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and renewable biopolymer. The gene from A. Eutrophus that codes for an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PHB is being transferred to plant for production of biodegradable plastic |
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Antisense agents |
Inhibit the expression of a target gene in a sequence specific manner |
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Types of anti-mRNA strategies currently in use |
1) the use of single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide 2) the triggering of sense strand (mRNA) cleavage by incorporating ribozymes catalytic centres into anti-sense RNA 3) RNA interference induced by small interfering RNA molecules |
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Use of single-stranded antisense Oligonucleotides |
Antisense oligonucleotide (usually consists of 15 to 20 nucleotides, which are complimentary to their target mRNA) block translation of target mRNAs in a sequence specific manner, either by steric blocking of translation or by destruction of the bound mRNA via RNase H enzyme. |
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RNase H enzyme |
Cleaves the RNA moiety of a DNA-RNA heteroduplex and therefore leads to degradation of the target mRNA |
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Molecular farming |
Application of genetic engineering in which Genes primarily of human or animal origin are introduced into plants or farm animals for cost effective production of therapeutic products such as antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, recombinant enzymes and human and veterinary vaccines. |
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Molecular farming |
Application of genetic engineering in which Genes primarily of human or animal origin are introduced into plants or farm animals for cost effective production of therapeutic products such as antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, recombinant enzymes and human and veterinary vaccines. |
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Bio pharmaceuticals |
Therapeutic compounds produced from biological organisms |
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Molecular farming |
Application of genetic engineering in which Genes primarily of human or animal origin are introduced into plants or farm animals for cost effective production of therapeutic products such as antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, recombinant enzymes and human and veterinary vaccines. |
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Bio pharmaceuticals |
Therapeutic compounds produced from biological organisms |
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Expression systems |
The organisms in which genes coding for the target therapeutically active compound are introduced |
