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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 factors influencing immunigenicity
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foreigness to self
size chemical composition- proteins are best route of administration dosage and timing molecular shape and charge- most important solubility- more soluble=more immunogenic |
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5 factors that determine if an antibody is produced
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immunogenicity of antigens
immune response genes age of individual physiological condition of individual concentration of antigen or dose |
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antigens are composed of
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combination of any two carbohydrates, lipid or protein
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antibodies are composed of
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protein
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alloantibody
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antibody in the species but the person who created the antibody does not have the antigen.
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auto antibody
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antibody directed against self
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complete antibody
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capable of agglutinating in saline usually igM
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incomplete antibody
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can only sensitize cells in saline cannot agglutinate needs AHG to agglutinate. usually IgG
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Naturally occuring antibody
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produced to substances in the environment (food, dust)
also called non-red cell immune |
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immune antibody
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produced from rbc stimulation (prego,transfused)
also called red- cell immune |
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hemolysin
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capeable of binding complement
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in vitro
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in test tube
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in vivo
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in body
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why do we use EDTA as an anticoagulant?
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because it chelates the calcium which is needed for complement to begin.
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specimen needed for complement in vitro
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serum
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factors that influence agglutination
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ag-ab ratio
pH temp incubation time ionic strength zeta potential ab/ag characteristics dosage effect |
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prozone
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antibody excess
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postzone
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antigen excess
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pH
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optimum is 6.5-7.5
most will react at 5.5-8.5 below 5 allows spontaneous aggl. above 9 prevents aggl. |
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commercial rbc shelf life
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3-6wks
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storage of serum/plasma
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4 degrees for short term
long term remove serum/plasma and freeze at -20 |
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antisera shelf life
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1-2 years
does not contain complement |
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records of temp checks saved for...
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5 years
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thermometer in blood product fridge put in
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200mls of 10% glycerol
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if no temp chart check temp every
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4 hours
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alsevers
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a preservative added to commercial rbc suspensions
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how can rouleaux be dispersed
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saline replacement
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allele / allelomorphic gene
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genes at a given loaction can exist in a number of alternate forms. each one:
differs from its alternate form occupy the locus for that specific gene produces alternate characteristics in the cell |
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amorph
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gene that fails to express a specific trait
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linked gene
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genes close on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
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syntenic
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genes present on the same chromosome, regardless of the distance between the loci and are not linked.
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genome
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all genes carried on a haploid set of chromosomes
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genotype
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refers to an individuals actual genetic makeup for a particular trait
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phenotype
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manner in which the genotype is expressed
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rbc phenotype or genotype
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rbcs cannot be genotyped because serological tests reveal the presence or absence of antigens, not genes and rbcs dont carry genes
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proband
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individual that initiates the family study by use of a pedigree chart
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which abo gene is an amorph
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O
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if you lack H you will look like an
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O
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H gene codes for
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enzyme fucosyltransferase which attached to L-fucose to the precursor substance converting it to H substance
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A gene codes for
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enzyme N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which transfers N-acetylgalacosamine to H substance converting some of H substance to A antigen
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B gene codes for
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enzyme D-galactosyltransferase which transfers D-galactose to H substance convertin some of the H substance to B antigen
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O gene codes for
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a protein there is no transferase activity
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A and B genes code for
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D-galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine are added to H substance
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no H gene (hh) codes for
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teh precursor substance is not converted to H substance
'bombay' person looks like O |
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amount of H ag on rbcs
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most -O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B-least
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landsteiners rule of reciprocal relationships
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if an antigen is present on an individuals rbc's the antibody specific for that antigen should not be present in the serum
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abo antibodies are...
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naturally occuring and is the only blood group system that has predictable naturally occuring antibodies
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antisera does not contain ...
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complement
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o cell control is used to ...
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detect antibodies from other blood group systems.
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bombay person
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types as O but Ocell control will also be positive (caused by anti-H)
lacks the H gene and has anti-H, anti-A, anti-B, anti-A,B cannot produce H,A,B antigens in secretions although they type as an O they can pass on A or a B to their children |
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Lectin
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plant extract that acts like an antibody useful reagent they bind to portions of certian rbc antigens and causes agglutination
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ulex europeus
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has anti-H specificity, therefore it reacts with H antigen
only Oh cells are negative reacting with this lectin |
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group O can recieve
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O cells only
A, B, O, AB plasma |
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Group A can recieve
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A or O cells
A or AB plasma |
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Group B can recieve
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B or O cells
B or AB plasma |
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Group AB can recieve
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A, B, AB or O cells
AB plasma only |
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universal cell donor
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O
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universal Plasma donor
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AB
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universal cell recipiant
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AB
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universal plasma recipient
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O
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Subgroups of A
% of A1 and A2 A1 and A2 consist of |
80% of people are A1. A1 cells consists of A1 and A antigens
20% of people are A2. A2 cells consist of A antigens only |
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A1 phenotype
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postive with anti-A and anti-A1 lectin
complex antigen structure |
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A2 phenotype
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positive with anti-A and negative with anti-A1
simple antigen structure |
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anti- A1 lectin
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dolichos biflorus
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weak subgroup of A
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mf with anti- A
varying degrees with anti-A,B presence or absence of anti-A1 in the serum |
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possible genotypes for A1 phenotype
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A1A1, A1A2, A1O
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Possible genotypes for A2 phenotype
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A2A2, A2O
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acquired B antigen
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may occur in group A patients with colon cancer or GI infection enzymes produced by bacteria break down A immunodominant sugar to create a sugar that is similar to the B immunodominant sugar
forwards like an AB reverses like an A and Anti-B is weaker |
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rare subgroup of A
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cause a discrepancy in the forward grouping
forwards like an O reverses like an A |
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causes of mixed field
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intergroup transfusion
intrauterine transfusion recent bone marrow or stem cell transplant weak subgroup of A |
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A3 phenotype - weak subgroup of A
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discrepancy in forward group
anti-A= mf or 2+ |
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missing reactions - neg all forward and reverse
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neonate, elderly, physiological state (hypo/agammaglobulinemia)
resolution inc. serum to cell ratio inc incub time 4 degree reverse |
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rouleaux reaction
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serum protein causes false agglutination in the reverse group
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detects irregular or unexpected antibody
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o cells positive
auto=neg=allo antibody auto=pos=autoantibody or rouleaux |
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caucasian population distribution of ABO group
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O=41-46%
A=40-44% B=9-11% AB=4% |
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3 factors for suitablility of antisera
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avidity, specificity and titre
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extra reaction
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increased plasma protein (multiple myeloma, rouleaux)
cold agglutinin resolution prewarm saline replacement |
