• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/86

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Law Enforcement Activity Related Deaths (LEARD), not as a result of an Officer Involved Shooting or deaths occurring in jail.
In-Custody Death
Delirium or psychosis. Bizarre, aggressive behavior.
Seizures Violence towards others. Dilated pupils. Yelling. High pulse rate. Hearing voices. Paranoia. Jumping into water. Elevated temperature. Superhuman strength. Hallucinations. Aggression toward shiny objects. Thrashing after restraint. Self-inflicted injury. Foaming at the mouth. Undressing in public. Profuse sweating. Incoherent speech. Purposeless activity
symptoms and behaviors common to “at-risk” suspects
The serious and chronic mental illnesses that police most often encounter are
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (or manic depression), and severe clinical depression. These are disorders that may cause psychosis, a disturbance in the way an ill person perceives the world.
Most calls to the police that relate to people with mental illness concern behavior that is abnormal but not dangerous. However, officers do need to be able to recognize the difference between abnormal behavior that is not dangerous and abnormal behavior that has the
potential for posing a threat to personal safety.
In general, those people who are not receiving treatment, or those with“dual disorders” (mental illness,developmental disabilities, and alcohol or
substance abuse), or those with a history of violence should be approached with caution to avoid exacerbating the crisis.
Schizophrenia
the most severe, devastating and chronic of the mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is
characterized by symptoms that often include hallucinations and delusions. Those with the disease
cannot correctly sort, interpret and communicate what they experience. They may laugh and cry inappropriately, misunderstand what is said, have difficulty following instructions, or simply withdraw and not even speak. People with schizophrenia may be excessively clumsy or exhibit repetitive behavior
such as walking in circles or parroting what someone is saying to them.
Clinical depression
presents as deep and inescapable feelings of sadness, hopelessness, uselessness and guilt. Individuals often can’t concentrate or remember things, and their response to the environment can be painfully slow. They may either cry uncontrollably or feel almost no emotion. Suicide is often a risk.
Manic depression (bipolar disorder)
involves extreme and sometimes rapid mood
swings of depression alternating with periods of mania or elation. The euphoric side of the illness is the mania, while the down side is the depression. In the manic phase of this illness, symptoms can include
hyperactivity, explosive temper, impaired judgment, increased spending and sex drive, accelerated thinking and speaking, aggressive behavior, grandiose notions, and often delusions. Plans and
decisions are frequently out of proportion with the individual’s realistic abilities and resources. During the depressed phase of this illness, individuals have symptoms like those described above for clinical
depression. Again, suicide is a considerable risk.
Psychosis
loss of contact with reality, a disturbance in the way an ill person perceives the world. It is characterized by jumbled and sometimes racing thoughts, incoherence, inappropriate emotions or lack
of emotion, difficulty paying attention, inability to communicate, disorientation, and inability to function in
everyday life. People in psychotic states can become agitated and aggressive, or they can completely withdraw. The behavior of those with such serious thought disorders is frequently bizarre to others, but it
is prompted by what is reality to the ill person.
Hallucinations
consist of sensory perception—such as hearing voices, feeling spiders on one’s legs, or
smelling gas—when there is nothing in reality to cause such perceptions. Voices speaking to them or
about them is a common hallucination of people with mental illness. The voices are “real” and
inescapable, and they may tell the ill person to do things that could harm him or her or someone else.
Delusions
firmly held false beliefs that are believed by the ill person but not by others. They cannot be changed by reason or obvious proof to the contrary. A person with delusions from a brain disease
may believe that he or she is controlled by aliens, is Jesus Christ, is having his or her thoughts broadcast
over television, or is the subject of a search by foreign agents intent on murder
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) Metro Red
Line Subway System is a unique and potentially dangerous environment laden with many hazards. Generally, the most effective technique to control a suspect is
with the use of time,
tactics and talk.
If a suspect jumps or falls onto the track bed or runs into a tunnel, do not pursue.
Notify the Rail Operations Control Center (ROCC) and Communications Division immediately.
WEAPONS OTHER THAN FIREARMS
DISTANCE + COVER = TIME
Officers shall not use deadly force to attempt to disable a suicidal individual who lacks the present ability to cause serious injury or death to anyone other than himself/herself.
The use of firearms to attempt to disable a suicidal suspect are generally ineffective and are likely to increase the risk of serious bodily injury or death to
the suspect.
Arrestees with Mental Illness
Officers shall handcuff a person with mental illness taken into custody when the person is not restrained by means of a straitjacket or leather restraining straps. The exception exists when a person with mental illness whose physical condition is such that the safety of the
individual and the officer are not jeopardized. The use of handcuffs is then within the discretion of the officer (Manual Section 4/217.36).
Plastic handcuffs are used for handcuffing non-violent arrestees and should not be
used to restrain combative arrestees or persons with mental illness.
These restraints can be difficult to apply while attempting to gain physical control of a suspect. Additionally, some individuals with mental illness or combative arrestees continue to struggle and resist
these restraints once they have been applied causing injury to their wrists.
HOBBLE RESTRAINT DEVICE
a one-inch wide
polypropylene-webbed strap with a bronze snap-hook at one end and a steel friction-locking clip at the other. The hobble is designed to secure the ankles, knees or elbows of an aggressive/combative or potentially aggressive/combative
individual. The device can also be used to secure a person’s feet during transportation in a police vehicle.
Once the handcuffs are secure and the Hobble Restraint Device has been applied to a suspect’s ankles, the suspect should be searched (if appropriate) and then immediately rolled into an upright, seated position.
Secured arrestees shall not be placed laying down on their stomach or side.
Restraining Procedures and Devices
TRANSPORTATION
An ambulance must be requested for transportation if the suspect is extremely violent and requires restraint to the extent that he/she must be transported in a laying down position or if
the suspect is injured or physically ill and in need of immediate medical attention (Manual Section 4/217.52). When it is necessary to transport an arrestee by ambulance, at least one
officer shall accompany the arrestee in the ambulance (Manual Section 4/648.13).
Foot Pursuits Generally, officers should not split-up during a foot pursuit and are strongly discouraged from doing so.
Officers are considered split up when either their distance is so great from one another, or barriers exist that would unreasonably delay an officer’s ability to assist his or her partner when confronted by a suspect.
Before climbing obstacles, officers
should
Stop, Look, and Listen. Officers should not go over any obstacle at the same location taken by the suspect. The same precautions apply to rounding building corners. Officers should slice the pie around the corner to expand the field of vision. A quick peek is also effective, since it gives an
officer a glimpse to what is on the other side of the
obstacle, without allowing the suspect time to react to the officer’s momentary exposure.
If the suspect is believed to be armed with a weapon other than a firearm
officers should not attempt to close the distance or run directly behind the suspect.
Officers should not attempt to follow a suspect who is reasonably believed to possess a firearm.
The exception is if the surroundings provide a reasonable amount of cover to allow the officer to move from one position of cover to the next. Officers are reminded that cover is any object that is believed to be capable of stopping a bullet firednby the suspect. Depending on the type of weapon the suspect is believed to be armed with,
cover might include large trees, block walls or parked cars. If sufficient cover is not available officers should stop the foot pursuit and establish a perimeter.
What should be included in a foot pursuit or perimeter broadcast
Officer’s location. Number and location of suspects.
Direction of travel. Suspect description. Type of crime
Where additional units should respond. The type of weapon, if armed.
A suspect who flees from officers on foot is displaying a higher level of resistance than is
associated with an uncooperative individual. Rather, most suspects involved in foot pursuits
are actively attempting to prevent an officer from establishing physical control (aggressively resisting arrest).
Under 835(a) of the Penal Code, an officer can use reasonable force to overcome a suspect’s resistance. When employing force, officers are discouraged from tackling a suspect from behind. During the foot pursuit, officers should attempt to use a
strong push to the upper back of the suspect, causing the suspect to lose his or her balance and fall forward.
PERIMETERS
A perimeter is used to contain a suspect in a specific area, thus making apprehension more likely. By establishing a perimeter the suspect will be contained, and when combined with
discontinuing the foot pursuit, removes the inherent risks associated with pursuing. When an armed suspect flees on foot, using a perimeter rather than chasing a suspect through
unfamiliar territory greatly decreases the likelihood of an ambush.
When a perimeter is established, the Four Cs are tactical guidelines that can ensure a safe and successful
apprehension of the suspect.
The Four Cs are Control, Communicate, Coordinate and
Contain.
Control
Officers must prevent the suspect from having any outside contact. Outside contact could allow the suspect the opportunity to get help or take a hostage. This means that the affected area must be isolated from all pedestrian and vehicular traffic to keep people out of the area until such time that it has been deemed safe by the Incident Commander.
Communicate
The primary unit, acting as the Incident Commander, must give clear and timely direction to responding units in order to seal the perimeter. Once a supervisor takes over as Incident
Commander, the communication must continue. Officers on the perimeter need to be kept
apprised of probable suspect locations and if there are officers searching or evacuating within the perimeter, as well as any other information that is pertinent to their role in the mission. It is also essential for units on the scene to broadcast information back to the Command Post (CP) to ensure the Incident Commander has all the relevant information related to the event.
Coordinate
An air unit should be requested to assist officers with the coordination of the perimeter. If the primary unit needs a perimeter to be established, but is unfamiliar with the area, they may request a responding unit, including the air unit, to coordinate the positioning of officers in order to seal the perimeter. The Incident Commander should establish a CP as soon as practicable. The CP should be located with good ingress and egress, which provides for the safe arrival of personnel. It
should be far enough away to be out of the line of sight or fire, but close enough to exercise control over the situation. The Incident Commander must coordinate the response of resources such as additional patrol units, Metropolitan Division Canine, Metropolitan Division Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT), Bomb Squad and the Incident Command Post Unit. Remember that the officers in Canine and SWAT are specially trained and equipped to handle area searches,
building searches and barricaded or armed suspects. If a canine unit is requested, officers should avoid entering the perimeter to prevent contaminating the scent in the area.
Contain
Immediate containment through the use of a perimeter is essential to prevent the suspect’s escape. All sides of the perimeter must be covered, with officers being placed in a position to
see the suspect if there is an attempt to escape the bounds of the perimeter.
During perimeters the Incident Commander must continuously assess the totality of the circumstances to determine the desirability of continuing the operation. The following factors should be considered
The nature of the underlying offense the suspect is wanted for. The impact on the officers’ and the community’s safety if the suspect is allowed to avoid apprehension.
The impact the foot pursuit and/or perimeter is having on available resources. Current call load and the nature of those calls. The likelihood the suspect can be apprehended at a later date.
Foot pursuits are inherently dangerous, and require officers to think, rather than blindly
succumb to the natural urge to give chase.
When officers are involved in a foot pursuit, they must expect and prepare for a potential ambush.
Identification of Deaf People
In most cases, deaf people will probably point to their
ears, and indicate by shaking their heads that they cannot hear. In addition, the most recognized sign by the deaf community to signify hearing loss is to use the index finger to point to the ear and then to the mouth.
Interacting with Individuals who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
When communicating with a person who is deaf or hard of hearing, remember that intelligence, personality, age at the onset of deafness, language background, listening
skills, lip-reading ability, writing, reading, and speech ability vary with each person.
Interacting with Individuals who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
People who are deaf or hard of hearing may communicate in several ways. Some will
use only sign language or only speech while others may use a combination of sign
language, speech and finger spelling. Many will write and use body language or facial
expressions to express their message. In any case, they will use every possible way
to convey an idea to another person.
Interacting with Individuals who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
It is important to gain the person's attention before speaking. Since people who are
deaf or hard of hearing may not be able to hear usual calls for attention, they may
need a tap on the shoulder or other visual signals to get their attention.
Unlawful discrimination
any employment practice or decision which intentionally or
unintentionally results in the unequal treatment of an individual or group based on their membership in one of the protected classes for other than job related (bona fide occupational qualification) reasons.
The three primary types of unlawful discrimination
(1) disparate treatment, (2) adverse impact and (3) failure to provide reasonable accommodations.
Disparate treatment
when an individual is treated differently than others on the basis
of race, color, religion, national origin, gender, age, physical or mental disability, marital status, sexual orientation, creed, ancestry or medical condition.
Adverse impact
is a personnel system or practice that appears neutral, but adversely affects individuals of a certain class or group on a disproportionate basis.
Lack of reasonable accommodation
occurs when an employer does not make a reasonable modification to the workplace to allow equal employment opportunities for an individual with a known physical or mental limitation/disability.
Sexual harassment
is one of the most common forms of unlawful sex discrimination in
our work environment. It is characterized by unwelcome sexual advances, requests for
sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
Sexual harassment typically occurs
under three conditions.
The first two are often referred to as quid pro quo and include:
(1) submission to sexual advances, requests and/or conduct as either explicitly or implicitly made a term or condition of employment or (2) when submission to or rejection
of such conduct is used as the basis for employment decisions. The third is referred to as hostile work environment and described as: (3) conduct that has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an
intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment.
Retaliation
defined as an adverse employment action taken against an employee for
engaging in protected activity. Adverse employment actions may include, but not limited to, negative performance evaluations, negative Employee Comment Sheets, the imposition of discipline, denial of
paygrade advancement, coveted assignment or promotional opportunity, or change of
assignment.
Protected activities
a) Opposing, reporting, or participating in any claim, lawsuit, or investigation concerning unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment;
b) Filing a grievance or participating in any unfair labor complaint;
c) Taking advantage of any labor right or benefit such as using sick or family leave, seeking compensation for overtime worked, or filing an objectively valid work-related claim for damages;
d) Reporting misconduct of another Department or City employee to the Office of the Inspector General, or any Department or government entity; or e) Supporting, assisting or cooperating in a misconduct investigation.
To prevent unlawful discrimination.
monitor for early warning signs of behavior that are not conducive to a professional work environment.
Retaliation, Discrimination and Sexual Harassment
All levels of management and supervision have a legal responsibility to follow the Department's reporting procedures. As an agent of the employer (the City), managers and supervisors must have a thorough understanding of the law; and the various policies and procedures affecting employment discrimination to protect the interest of the victim(s), other employees and the Department. Failure to take a claim seriously or
to document properly an incident may result in personal liability for punitive damages.
Management and supervisor’s responsibility upon notification of an incident is to:
• stop the behavior;
• conduct an initial investigation of the situation;
• seek the advice of legal counsel (contact the Police Employment Law Section, City Attorney’s Office) if necessary;
• reassure concerned individuals that the behavior will cease and if it does not, to seek assistance immediately; and
• monitor the situation to make sure no reprisals, overtly or covertly, are taken against
the person who complained. This should be done whether the complainant is a direct victim or only a reporting witness.
Title VII or California Government Code Section 12940
It is illegal to block or impede an employee's right to be hired, retained, compensated or granted the various privileges and conditions of employment because he/she is a member of any protected class as outlined in Title VII or CA Government Code.
The U.S. Supreme Court
stated
"Title VII affords employees the right to work in an environment free from discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult" based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
"Equal access"
applies to recruiting, screening, interviewing and hiring employees, as well as promoting and providing employee benefits.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This Act was passed under President Johnson’s administration. It established the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as the agency that advises and assists persons and/or agencies with alleged violations of discrimination in employment.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Prohibits employment discrimination against persons aged 40 and above. It was expanded in 1991 to include U.S. citizens working abroad for U.S. companies.
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
This Act was the precursor to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, bans discrimination on the basis of disability by federal agencies or by programs receiving
federal funds. This act helped persons with disabilities receive rehabilitation, obtain access to public buildings and enjoy equal employment opportunities.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
This Act is commonly referred to as ADA, makes it illegal to discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities. The purpose of the law was to provide the estimated 43 million persons with disabilities equal access to (a) employment opportunities, (b) programs, services, and activities provided by government entities and
(c) reasonable accommodations to facilities open to the general public such as restaurants, hotels, shopping centers, police stations and businesses.
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
This Act requires employers with 50 or more employees to provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave for family and medical reasons. Examples include birth, adoption, or foster care of a child or care of a spouse, child or parent with a serious health condition.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
extends the prohibition against sex discrimination and amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to add pregnancy, childbirth, and pregnancy-related medical conditions as protected against employment discrimination.
California Government Code Section 12940(a) and (g)
The state includes all of the protected classes listed in Title VII and extends protections based on ancestry, physical or mental
disability, medical condition and marital status.
California Labor Code Section 1102.1
prohibits discrimination or different treatment in any aspect of employment or opportunity for employment based on actual or perceived sexual orientation.
1959 Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA), formerly called the Fair Employment Practice Act until 1980
prohibits all forms of employment discrimination as listed in the previous paragraph. In January 2000, sexual orientation was added to this statute. Sexual orientation is defined as meaning heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality. The FEHA’s protections extend to actual, as well as perceived sexual orientation, and include persons who are discriminated against because of their association with a person who is of a particular sexual orientation or who is perceived to be of a particular sexual orientation.
California Civil Rights Initiative referred to as Proposition 209
prohibits the use of race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin as criterion for either discriminating against or granting preferential
treatment to any individual or group. However, Prop 209 does not invalidate any court order or consent decree such as the Blake/Justice Department and the Hunter/La Ley consent decrees which are already in place.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Policy, adopted on November 26, 1975, and amended on January 15, 1991, as well as the Discrimination Free Workplace Policy, adopted on February 12, 1992
guiding principles, policies and procedures for nondiscriminatory conduct by any City employee.
LEGAL CONTACTS WITH THE PUBLIC
classified by law as a “consensual encounter,” a “detention,” or an “arrest.”
The Fourth Amendment
The first part of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution deals with the right of people to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.
CONSENSUAL ENCOUNTER
an encounter between a police officer and an individual in which the individual voluntarily agrees to stop and speak with the officer.
CONSENSUAL ENCOUNTER
officers, because they have neither
reasonable suspicion to detain nor probable cause to arrest, cannot legally prevent the individual from just walking away. The individual has a right to refuse to cooperate, in which case officers must leave the individual alone. Refusal to cooperate, by itself, is not reason enough to detain. Nor would a refusal to cooperate constitute a
violation of Penal Code § 148, which makes it unlawful for a person to willfully resist, delay, or obstruct an officer in the performance of his or her duties.
The courts have ruled the following commands to a suspect rendered the
subsequent encounter a detention:
• Come over here. I want to talk to you.
• Stop.
• Stay there.
• Hold it.
• Police.
• Step away from your car.
• Sit on the curb.
• Put your hands on the dashboard.
• Get off your bicycle, lay it down, and step away from it.
• Put your hands up and get out of the car.
REASONABLE SUSPICION
To be lawful, a detention must be based on reasonable suspicion that criminal activity has taken place or is about to take place, and that the
person detained is connected to that activity.
“suspicion”
must be supported by articulable facts rather than hunch or instinct. These facts can be drawn from the
officer’s observations, personal training and experience, or information from eyewitnesses, victims, or other officers.
Some of the factors that contribute to establishing reasonable suspicion. Although none of these circumstances standing alone will usually justify a detention, various combinations of them will.
• Appearance of suspect (intoxicated, resemblance to wanted person),
• Actions (hiding objects, looking furtively, flight from officers or crime scene),
• Driving behaviors,
• Prior knowledge of the person (criminal record or conduct),
• Demeanor (nonresponsive, nervous, lying),
• Time of day (unusualness),
• Area of the detention (near crime scene, known criminal activity in area), and
• Officer training and experience (modus operandi, expertise in certain area such as narcotics or gang activity).
A detainee is not obligated to answer any questions an officer may ask during a lawful detention.
The refusal to answer questions alone does not provide probable cause for escalating a detention to an arrest.
Length of Detention
A detention must be temporary and last no longer than is necessary to carry out the
purpose of the stop. A detention which is legal at the beginning will become invalid if it is extended beyond what is reasonably necessary under the circumstances.
Patdown Search
Normally, no searches are permitted during a detention unless the person gives voluntary consent. However, if an officer reasonably suspects that the person is
carrying a concealed weapon or dangerous instrument, the officer is justified in conducting a patdown search to protect the officer or others from unexpected assault.
The scope of the search is limited to a patdown of the outer clothing for possible weapons only.
PROBABLE CAUSE
a set of facts that would cause a person of ordinary care and prudence to entertain an honest and strong suspicion that the person to be arrested is guilty of a
crime. Definite information, or enough to convict the individual is not needed, only the fair probability that the individual committed the crime.
“probable cause”
Does an officer possess enough factual knowledge or other reliable
information so that it is reasonable for him/her, in light of his/her training and
experience, to believe “X.”
“probable cause”
Search Warrant
enough credible information to reasonably provide a “fair probability” that the object sought will be found in the place the officer wants to search.
probable cause
In addition to the facts, knowledge, training, expertise, experience, observations, etc., that the officer personally has, it can consist of information conveyed to the officer by others (such as victims, citizens, other officers, and “official channels,” informants, tipsters, etc.), as long as it is reasonable to rely on this information under the totality of the circumstances.
Language Identification Card
key element to resolving a communication problem
The four major categories of developmental disabilities
Mental Retardation, Autism, Epilepsy, Cerebral Palsy
Mental Retardation
Sub-average intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior and self-care. Sub-average intellect equals an I.Q. of less than 80.
Manifested by: Difficulty understanding complex instructions; inappropriate
behavior (person does not act their age) and/or childlike behavior; may
have difficulty expressing thoughts.
Autism
A severe disorder of communication and behavior that begins in early childhood.
Manifested by: Aversion to being touched, especially by strangers;
purposeless, repetitive behavior such as rocking, spinning or hand twisting (may be self-endangering); lack of meaningful speech – may “echo” others’ words; may be non-responsive to sound or appear to be deaf.
Epilepsy
A disorder marked by disturbed electrical rhythms of the brain
which may result in seizures. A seizure is an unpredictable, involuntary and temporary disturbance of brain function(s).
Manifested by: Obvious or subtle seizures; may appear confused,
disoriented or lethargic (post-seizure); may exhibit slurred speech (post seizure).
Cerebral Palsy
A disorder of posture and movement due to dysfunction of a
portion of the brain. Manifested by: Muscle control difficulty, may walk with a “jerky” motion; may exhibit slurred speech; intelligence is not affected by disability.
Receiving A Bomb Threat Call
All communications regarding the call should be made via the MDC or telephone to prevent unauthorized
persons from being attracted to the scene.
Communications
After all information about the call has been received, responding units should turn off the MDC approximately one block away from the location and it should not be used again until the threat is resolved. The radio signal of
incoming and outgoing MDC transmissions could detonate a radio-controlled bomb.
Communications at the scene of a bomb threat or improvised explosive device should be accomplished by the use of a standard telephone. The ASTRO radio should be kept in the “on” position and used to receive emergency messages with any transmissions done out of line of sight of the device. The same holds true for the cell phone. It too transmits a radio signal which could activate the bomb and should be used sparingly and only when out of line of sight of the device.