Train Planning And Train Control System

Front 1

Traction Force

Train Resistance

Braking Force

Back 1

Stage 1 of Driving Theory (3 Factors)

Front 2

Traction Constant of Power Car

Back 2

Weight of a passenger car that can be towed by the power car according to the speed of the train, expressed in a conversion quantity

Front 3

Acceleration

Back 3

Change in velocity over time

Has magnitude and direction

Front 4

Force

Back 4

Factor that changes the state/shape of motion of an object.

Destroys the inertia of an object

Front 5

Centripetal Force

Back 5

Acceleration towards the center of circular motion

Front 6

Centrifugal Force

Back 6

Inertial force on an object in circular motion.

Acts on the side that tends to move outside

Front 7

Friction

Back 7

Force along the contact surface of the object that tries to impede its motion in the direction opposite to the force

Front 8

1) Large starting torque

2) High rotational force at low speed

3) Easy to control speed

4) Low current at large rotation speed, so power is low

5) Less load imbalance when operating in parallel

6) No malfunctions even in case of sudden fluctuations in current and voltage

Back 8

Characteristics of DC Series Motor (6)

Front 9

Torque

Back 9

Force that can rotate an object

Front 10

T=K○I

K= Constant

○= Flux

I= Current

Unsaturated: kI^2

Saturated: kI

Back 10

Torque formula

Front 11

Ec= P○NZ/60a

Ec= Et - IaRa

Back 11

Counter electromotive force formula

Front 12

Proportional

Back 12

Relationship between speed of DC motor and terminal voltage

Front 13

Inversely proportional

Back 13

Relationship between speed of DC motor and flux/current

Front 14

Terminal Voltage Control

Resistance Control

Fueld Current Control

Back 14

Methods to control DC series motor (3)

Front 15

Induction motor

Back 15

Alternating motors that use AC power

Front 16

Slip Control

Frequency Control

Pole changing control

Back 16

Speed Control of Induction Motor (3)

Front 17

Inversely proportional with gear ratio

Directly proportional with diameter

Back 17

Speed relationship with gear ratio and with wheel diameter

Front 18

Directly proportional

Back 18

Gear ratio relationship with tractive force

Front 19

Maximum permissible rpm

Start traction force

Limitation of car clearance

Back 19

Factors for gear ratio selection (3)

Front 20

Load loss

Back 20

Variable loss

Front 21

No-load losses

Back 21

Fixed losses (constant regardless of load)

Front 22

Copper loss

Back 22

Resistive losses that occur when current flows

Front 23

Stray load loss

Back 23

Losses that change irregularly with changes in load, are difficult to measure, and are relatively low compared to other loads

Front 24

Iron losses

Back 24

Vortex losses caused by the rotation of an electric iron core in a magnetic field and hysteresis losses caused by the supply and release of electromagnetic energy to the iron core, some of which id accumulated in the iron core and released as heat energy

Front 25

Mechanical loss

Back 25

Friction losses caused by friction parts such as shafts and bearings of electric motors, and wind losses caused by air friction in rotating parts

Front 26

Efficiency

Back 26

Ratio of input to output

Front 27

Continuous Rating

Back 27

Rating that allows the temperature rise of heat-generating parts to be within allowable range even if the traction motor is operated continuously for a long period of time. Most important rating of a power car

Front 28

1 hour, 30 minutes, 15 minutes

Back 28

Short-time ratings

Front 29

Tractive force

Back 29

Rotational force generated inside the vehicle that is transmitted to the wheels and exerted on the surface of the wheels

Front 30

Friction > Traction Force > Train Resistance

Back 30

Conditions for a power car to accelerate forward without idle

Front 31

1) Instruction Traction Force (Ti)

2) Tractive force at driving wheel rim (Td)

3) Drawbar Tractive Effort (Te)

Back 31

Classifications of Tractive Forces by place of action (3)

Front 32

Tractive force at driving wheel rim

Back 32

Traction force that is always limited by adhesion force

Front 33

Tractive force at driving wheel rim

Back 33

Traction force exerted between wheel and rail surface.

Equal to instruction traction force minus internal losses such as mechanical friction

Front 34

Instruction traction force

Back 34

Traction force caused by the structure and characteristics of the powered car and expressed with the output generated by the engine, that is, the traction force when the machine efficiency is 100%

Front 35

Drawbar tractive effort

Back 35

Effective traction applied to the coupler at the rear of the power car when operating while towing the passenger/freight car.

Aka effective traction and is the smallest of the traction forces

Front 36

Adhesion

Adhesive Traction

Back 36

____ is the friction force between driving wheel rim and rail surface of a motor car

____ is the traction that is limited by this

Front 37

Nominal tractive capacity

Back 37

Maximum number of rolling stocks that can be pulled by a locomotive at a given operating speed

Front 38

traction force of motor car and resistance of train

Back 38

Nominal tractive capacity is calculated based on ___ and ___

Front 39

Actual quantity method

Actual gross-tonnage method

Tensile rod load method

Modified gross-tonnage method

Rated cars method

Back 39

Methods to determine nominal tractive capacity of car (5)

Hint 39

AQ

AGT

TRL

MGT

RC

Front 40

Towing weight W = T/R

T = Tensile bar pulling force of motor

R = resistance of whole trainset

Back 40

Weight of passengers/cars when towed by locomotives (+Formula)

Front 41

1) Ruling grade

2) Virtual grade

3) Equilibrium speed at ruling grade

4) Considerations for calculating traction capacity

Back 41

Limiting factors for tractive capacity (4)

Hint 41

RG

VG

EQ@RG

C

Front 42

1) Train Mission

2) Track Status

3) Effective Track/ Platform Length

4) Power Car Status

5) Temperature

Back 42

Considerations for calculating traction capacity (5)

Hint 42

TM

TS

ET/PL

PCS

T

Front 43

1) Starting Resistance

2) Running Resistance

3) Gradient Resistance

4) Curve Resistance

5) Tunnel Resistance

6) Inertial Resistance

Back 43

Resistance Categories (6)

Front 44

Starting Resistance

Back 44

Resistance of a stationary train on a flat straight track to start

Front 45

Curve Resistance

Back 45

Resistance caused by the curve in addition to running and gradient resistance when passing through a curve

Front 46

Curve radius

Cant

Slack

Driving speed

Wheelbase

Shape of rail

Friction

Back 46

Factors affecting curve resistance (6)

Hint 46

CR

C

S

DS

WB

SoR

F

Front 47

700W/R

W= train weight

R= curve radius

Back 47

Formula for curve resistance

Front 48

Inertia Resistance

Back 48

Resistance to the reaction of the force to accelerate the train

Front 49

Tunnel Resistance

Back 49

Resistance as train travels through a tunnel

Front 50

2 kg/ton for single track

1 kg/ton for double track

Formula: Lv^2/ KW

L= tunnel length; K= constant

v= velocity; W= train weight

Back 50

Tunnel resistance value (KORAIL)

Front 51

Running Resistance

Back 51

Resistance that occurs when a vehicle is traveling on a flat, straight track

Front 52

Gradient Resistance

Back 52

Resistance caused by earth's gravity when driving on a track with a gradient

Front 53

LOSS:

Starting, Running, Curve, Tunnel

NOT LOSS:

Gradient, Acceleration (Inertia?)

Back 53

Types of resistance that act as losses (and those that don't)

Front 54

3 km/h

Back 54

At what speed is starting resistance considered running resistance?

Front 55

0 km/h

Back 55

Speed with highest starting resistance

Front 56

F = uW

u = Coefficient of friction between axle and bearing

W = Burden weight on axle

Back 56

Formula for friction between axle and bearing

Front 57

N = (1-s) 120f/P

Back 57

Induction motor speed Formula

Front 58

S = (Ns-N)/Ns

Back 58

Slip formula

Front 59

1) Up and down, left and right inconsistencies in rail joints

2) Centrifugal force on curved surfaces

3) Wind pressure

4) Slope of wheel surface (taper)

Back 59

Causes of Vehicle Shaking (4)

Front 60

Air resistance

Back 60

Resistance that is independent of vehicle weight and depends on geometry, cross-sectional area, number of connections, etc.

Front 61

Front

Rear

Vortex between cars

Side and Top

Back 61

Classifications of air resistance (4)

Front 62

Front

Rear

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vortex

Side and Top

Back 62

___(3) Resistance (Air) are proportional to square of speed

___(1?) are proportional to speed

Front 63

Gradient Resistance

Back 63

Resistance when a train travels on a grade, traveling against the Earth's gravity requiring extra traction force

Front 64

Gradient

Back 64

Ratio of vertical elevation to horizontal distance

Front 65

Upward gradient

Back 65

Uphill gradient in the forward direction

Front 66

Downward gradient

Back 66

Downhill slope in the forward direction

Front 67

Standard Gradient

Back 67

Highest gradient within a distance of 1 kilometre between neighboring stations or any point between signal stations

Front 68

Ruling gradient

Back 68

Gradient that requires maximum traction force for train operation

Front 69

Converted gradient

Back 69

Gradient displayed by converting the curved resistance to a gradient

Front 70

Virtual gradient

Back 70

Gradient that is algebraically added to the actual gradient by converting the speed change of the train driving the gradient section into a gradient

Front 71

Momentum gradient

Back 71

Gradient of the train's hitting power

Front 72

Reverse gradient

Back 72

Gradient with alternating up and down gradients

Front 73

Virtual gradient

Back 73

Not considered in calculation of traction capacity when train speed is reduced

Front 74

Average gradient

Back 74

Gradient resistance multiplied by section length and divided by section length (?)

Front 75

Equilibrium gradient

Back 75

Maximum gradient to calculate the traction capacity considering the gradient and train length

Front 76

Nominal Voltage

Back 76

line-to-line voltage which represents train line

Front 77

Driving Device

Back 77

transmits the rotational force of the main motor to the wheels

Front 78

Bogie

Back 78

supports vehicle body and enables driving or braking in direction of track

Front 79

Operation Curve

Back 79

graph that indicates the operating condition of train

Front 80

Clearance

Back 80

maximum allowable length of track when accommodating trains or vehicles on the track

Front 81

Adhesion

Back 81

Frictional force that allows a wheel to continue rotating without slipping on the rail

Front 82

Standard Driving Time

Back 82

minimum time traveled between stations

set in units of 30 or 15 seconds

longer than actual driving time

Front 83

Sliding

Back 83

Happens when braking force is greater than adhesive force

Front 84

Lateral force/pressure

Back 84

Sum of lateral forces measured on the left and right wheels

refers to the lateral force exerted by a rolling stock on a rail under normal running conditions

Front 85

Carry Capacity

Back 85

Maximum number of trains that can be operated per day by sorting

Front 86

Safe, Accurate, Fast

Back 86

Mission of Railway

Hint 86

SAF

Front 87

Hand Brake

Back 87

Primitive brake method installed to prevent a vehicle from moving while stopped

Front 88

Air brake

Back 88

Brake system that uses pressurized air to exert breaking force

Front 89

Automatic

Electromagnetic

Back 89

Classifications of Air Brake (2)

Front 90

Power generation braking

Back 90

Brake method that utilizes the characteristics of DC series motors

Only used for deceleration, cannot achieve certain braking effect

Front 91

Regenerative braking

Back 91

Brake method that returns power generated when braking to the catenary to be used by other power vehicles

Front 92

Rail braking

Back 92

Brake method that uses magnetic force of opposite polarity between rail and vehicle

Front 93

Eddy current braking

Back 93

Brake method that installs eddy current generator on the track to create a braking effect

Front 94

V^2/20 for passenger train

V^2/14 for freight train

Back 94

Braking Distance Simplified Formula