Tractlesionstractlesions

Front 1

Looking at a cross section of the spinal chord, the dark areas are? Light?

Back 1

Axon tracks, and light areas are cell bodies

Front 2

Motor tracts

Back 2

Descending, and the information is somatotopically organized

Front 3

What is the division of descending motor systems

Back 3

Lateral and medial

Front 4

Lateral motor systems

Back 4

Travel in the lateral columns of the white matter of spinal cord

Front 5

Where do the axons of lateral motor system terminate

Back 5

They terminate on lateral ventral horn motor neurons and interneurons, and they control the movement of distal muscles like arms, legs, feet, and hand. They provide rapid and dexterous movements at an individual joints and digits

Front 6

What are the two divisions of lateral tracts

Back 6

Corticospinal and rubrospinal

Front 7

What is the most clinically important

Back 7

Corticospinal

Front 8

What is rubrospinal

Back 8

This red nucleus, it is in the midbrain (magnocellular pathway) and ↑ the flexor tone in the upper extremities, the view that we normally see it in is C6, C7 and this is because we can see the whole spinal chord

Front 9

Where do we get hyperreflexia

Back 9

We get in the lateral systems

Front 10

What does the medial system do

Back 10

It does the trunk (axial and girdle muscles), they are involved in the postural tone, balance, orienting movements of the head and neck, automatic gait related movements, they descend ipsilaterally and terminate on the interneuron and it influences the axial muscles bilaterally, so that if one side is messed up there is a back up

Front 11

Where does the medial pathway travel

Back 11

It travels in the anteromedial columns of the spinal chord and they synapse on the medial ventral horn MN and interneurons

Front 12

How many tracts does the Medial motor system has

Back 12

4, anterior (ventral) Corticospinal, vstibulospinal (VST), reticulospinal, and tectospinal

Front 13

What is the anterior corticospinal tract

Back 13

It doesn’t cross the midline, and allows bilateral controls of axial and girdle muscles

Front 14

What is VST

Back 14

These are 2 tracts from the vestibular nuclei, lateral= runs the length of spinal chord and controls the extensor tone and medial= ends at he cervical level and controls the head and neck

Front 15

What is reticulospinal

Back 15

Automatic posture and gait movements there is one that originates in pontine reticular formation and is called medial reticulospinal tract and the other originated in the medullary reticular formation and is called lateral reticulospinal tract

Front 16

What is the tectospinal tract

Back 16

It ends in the cervical cord and provides coordination of head and eye movements

Front 17

How many layers are there in the cortex

Back 17

6

Front 18

What is the major input layer

Back 18

4

Front 19

What is the major output layer

Back 19

5

Front 20

Hemiparesis

Back 20

Weakness of one side of the body

Front 21

hemiplegia

Back 21

No movement on one side of the body

Front 22

Paralysis

Back 22

No movement of the leg

Front 23

Palsy

Back 23

Weakness or no movement of the face muscles

Front 24

Paraparesis

Back 24

Weakness in both legs

Front 25

Monoparesis

Back 25

Weakness of one arm or leg

Front 26

Facial diplegia

Back 26

Symmetrical facial weakness

Front 27

Quad or tetraplegia

Back 27

Paralysis of all 4 limbs

Front 28

What is a mechanical or traumatic spinal cord injury

Back 28

Anything that causes contusion, compression, disc herniation, and degenerative disorder of the vertebral bones

Front 29

What if the spinal cord is hemisected

Back 29

Get Brown-Sequard, mainly due to penetrating injury like stab wound, this causes ipsilateral loss of UMN, and ipsilateral loss of vibration sense, joint position and proprioception, sense of fine touch and it causes contralateral loss of pain and temperature, itch and crude touch

Front 30

What If there is a vascular defect

Back 30

This usually happens in the anterior spinal artery, posterior occlusion, watershed infarct, and epidural hematoma

Front 31

What is the main effect of anterior spinal artery infarct

Back 31

Damage to the anterolateral system (no temp or pain below the lesion bilaterally) and ventral horn cells (LMN signs) also incontinence is common since the descending pathways tend to be more ventral in the spinal chord

Front 32

What happens with dorsal spinal a. occlusion

Back 32

Loss of proprioception in the leg muscles

Front 33

What are the effects of nutritional deficiency

Back 33

Vitamin B12, it is required for the formation of myelin and lack of cobalamin (not in fruits and vegetables) causes pernicious anemia

Front 34

What happens if there is no intrinsic factor

Back 34

There is numbness in finger and hands and toes (paresthesias)

Front 35

Where is the degeneration of myelin the greatest (due to ↓ vit-b12)

Back 35

It is greatest in dorsal columns than it is in corticospinal tract

Front 36

Due to nutritious deficiency, what happens if there is degeneration of cerebral white matter

Back 36

Dementia

Front 37

What is infectious myelitis

Back 37

It is inflammation of the spinal cord, could be viral, including HIV, Lyme disease, tertiary syphilis, and polio and LMN are predominantly effected

Front 38

What is inflammatory myelitis

Back 38

Multiple sclerosis, (AI affects the CNS myelin), Lupus, post infectious myelitis and this one basically effects the ALS

Front 39

What are some of the neoplasms

Back 39

Epidural metastasis, and schwannoma

Front 40

What are some of the degenerative and developmental disorders

Back 40

Spina bifida, syringiomyelia, and ALS (lou gherrig’s diseases) these can have UMN or LMN or both involved

Front 41

What is Guillean Barr syndrome

Back 41

It is an acute inflammatory demyelinating poly neuropathy, it is an immune mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves usually 1-2 weeks following a viral illness