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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants causing malnutrition syndromes
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Allium
Aloysia lycoides Prosopis |
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Allium spp . common name
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onions and garlic
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Prosopis spp common name
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mesquite
Honey mesquite |
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Prosopsis toxic principle
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Arabinose a 5 - carbon sugar
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Theory of Prosopsis toxic principle
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arabinose in the diet may cause a B-vitamin deficiency by inhibiting microbial growth
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Prosopis spp animals affected
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primariy cattle
But also goats. |
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Prosopis clinical signs
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Cattle consuming fallen beans for approx 2 monhts
gradual emaciation Profuse salivation Ruminal atony During hot weather, denuding of skin submandibular glands swollen - firm Protruding tongue inability to prehense feed animals tend to lick at hay |
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Prosopis spp lesions
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emaciation
Brain usually congested Kidneys small and very firm Liver small and firm w/tough sapsule - slate colored rumen filled w/mesquite beans visible change in ruminal mucosa - pronounced microscopically gastroenteritis w/wo hemorrhages Atrophy of masseter and lingual muscle slaivary glands may be hypertrophic, neuronal damage in trigeminal nerve |
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Prosopis horse disease manifestation
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GI obstruction
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Plants producing a vasotropic disease
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Claviceps spp
C. pupurea C. cinerea C. paspali |
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Claviceps toxic principle
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Lysergic acid diehtylamide
Ergotamine Ergonovine Polypeptide derivatives of this indole alkaloid |
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Claviceps disease syndromes
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C. purpurea - rye grass - both syndromes
C. cinerea - tobossa grass - both syndromes C. paspail - Dallis grass and Bhia grass - Neuro only |
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Claviceps pathogenesis
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alkaloids cause vasoconstriction
Also cause damage to intima of blood vessels - Thrombus formation - compromised circulation |
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Claviceps animals affected
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primarily cattle
others includ humans may be involved |
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Claviceps clinical signs
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Nervous and Gangrene syndromes
Incoordination, Nervousness, Trembling, Convulsions Abortions during nervous stage Gangrene - lameness necrotic ear margins, tall witch loss, line of demarkation |
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Claviceps spp lesions
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Gangrene
limbes tail switch margins of ear |
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Ergopeptine alkaloids pathogenesis
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gangren in horses and death in cattle and horses can occur when ergot alkaloid exposure approaches 1 % - 10000 ppm
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Claviceps spp DDX
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Eptheliotrophic viral diseases
Vesicular disease - FMD Frost bite Frozen extremities |
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Festuca arundinacea common name
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Tall Fescue Grass
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Festuca arundinacea toxi principle alkaloids
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endophyte produced - fungus - Erogavline - 90 %
Plant produced = peroline - Perolidine |
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Festuca spp endophyte
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Acremonium coenophialum
Endophyte produces ergot alkaloid but induces plant to produce perloline alkaloids Endophyte free fescu is non-toxic |
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Festuca spp animals affected
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Cattle
sheep in Australia Horses |
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Festuca spp clinical signs
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Fescue foot
Summer Syndrome - Hyperthrmia Fat necrosis Agalactia and Reproductive Effects |
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Festuca clinical signs trigger
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Temps under <40
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Festuca spp Fescue foot clinical signs
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Cooler season
minimum of 7 day exposure lameness, reddening of coronary band Hair loss |
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Festuca spp clinical signs - Fescue foot
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Weight loss
Gangrene : tips of ears, feet, tail switch. Laminitis in horses and cattle |
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Festuca spp clinical signs summer syndrome
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Poor performance
Failure to shed winter coate Hyperpnea - hyperpyrexia derpessed milk production /hypoprolactemia, Standing in water |
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Festuca spp clinical signs fat necrosis
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may follow summer syndrome
animals develop sq masses following weight loss necrotic fat masses w/cacification May be in abdominal cavity |
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Festuca spp clinical signs - repro/cattle
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Stillb irths
Abortions prolonged gestation Reduced conception rates |
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Festuca spp clincial signs - repro horses
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dystocia
agalcatia - hyprolactemia foal starvation Lack of colustrum Still births, abortion prolonged gestation retained placentas no udder development mare martality, goals alive or dead |
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Festica spp lesions
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Depends upon syndrome and species
gangrene fat necrosis etc. |
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Festuca spp Tx
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REmove from affected pastures
Use sentinel animals domperione - Alpha 2 blocker - yohimbine metaclopamide may be of use |
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Juglans spp common name
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Black Wlnut
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Juglans nigra common name
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Eastern Black Walnut
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Juglans microcarpa common name
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Texas Black Walnut
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Juglans major common name
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Arizona Black Walnut
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Juglans spp Toxic principle
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Phenolic derivative of naptholquinone
Juglone Possibly other unidentified agents |
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Juglans spp clinical signs
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HORSES only
via contact or ingestion Liminitis and some allergic reactions Depression Pitting Edema |
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Juglans spp Lesion
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consistent with laminitis
urticaria |
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Juglans spp treatment
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Prevention
remove source prevent access supportive care for laminitis and allergic reactions |
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Plants causing abortion in domestic animals
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Astragulus spp - locoweed
Gutierrezia spp - perennial broomweed Pinus ponderosa - Ponderosa Pine Oxytorpix spp - Locoweed |
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Gutierrezia spp toxic agent
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triterpenoid saponin
may function as prosaglandin inhibitor, blocker or mimics Plants more toxic on sandy soils than on tight soils |
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Gutierrezia spp animals affected
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cattle primarily
sheep may be involved other animals are susceptible goats, swine, lab animals |
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Gutierrezia spp clinical signs -acute
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listlessness
anorexia diarrhea or constipation mucous in feces vaginal dishcarge hematuria death |
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Gutierrezia spp abortion
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any stage of gestation
primarily in 3rd trimester weak underwieght calves retained placenta w/wo abortion early udder development |
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Gutierrezia spp lesions
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Gastroenteritis - acute
degenerative changes in liver toxic nephritis edema of fetal membranes icterus |
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Guteirrezia spp prevention
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no treatment
remove pregnant animals from pastures w/ broomweed esp on sandy soils |
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Gutierrezia spp toxin
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saponin
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Xanthocephalum texana
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annual broomweed
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Xanthocephalum texana is
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non toxic
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iva angustifolia common name
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Sumpweed
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Iva angustifolia distribution
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Ark
Texa Lousisiana Okla |
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iva angustifolia habitat
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Bogs wtih good drainage - wet areas
hillsides or creek bottoms |
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iva angustifolia toxic principle
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unknown
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Iva angustifolia animals affected
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cattle
sheep rabbits experimental |
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Plants inducing teratogenesis
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Astragulus spp
Conium maculatum Lothyrus odoratus Lupinus sericeus Nicotiana Veratrum Vicia |
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Locoweeds
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Astragalus
Oxytropis |
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Astragalus/oxytropis toxic principle
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Swainsonine
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Swainsonine MOA
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INhibits a-Mannosidase
Lysosomal storage disease reversible to a degree CNS most susceptible |
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Locoweed disease syndromes organ systems affected
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CNA
CP Repro Teratogenesis habituation |
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Conium spp common name
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Poison hemlock
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Conium spp toxic priniciple
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Coniine
affects pigs and cattle produces neuro and terato syndromes |
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Coniine MOA
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unknown
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If pigs are fed coniine at day 30 - 45 it produces
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cleft palate
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If pigs are fed coniine at day 43 - 53 it produces
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arthrogryposis, flexure of fetlock joints, scoliosis, hydrocephalus
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If cattle are fed Coniine during day 40 - 70 it produces
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arthrogryposis
similar to crooked calf disease due to lupines |
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Nicotiana spp common name
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Tobacco
Tree tobacco |
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Nicotiana spp toxic principle
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anabasin
affects pigs primarily but also sheep and cattle similar to coniine |
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Lupinus spp common name
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Lupines
Bluebonnets |
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Lipinus texensis is the
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state flower of Texas
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Lupinus spp toxic principles
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anagyrine
cattle are extremely susceptible sheep are extremely resistant to the teratogenic effects but may develop acute neurological dis |
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Cattle should not ingest lupinus - anagyrine in days
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40 -70
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Lupinus clinical signs
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rough dry hair coat
nervousness depression reluctance to move about difficulaty in breathing twitching frothing at the mouth respiratory paralysis and death |
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Lupinus spp teratogenic effects
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arthrogryposis
cleft palate combination |
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Veratrum californicum common name
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False hellebore
Skunk Cabbage |
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Veratrum toxic principle
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alkaloid
jervine cyclopamine cycloposine steroidal glycoalkaloids |
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Veratrum MOA
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Cranio-facial defects occur during neural tube stage
effects on bone and cartilage |
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Veratrum spp animals affected
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primarily sheep - naturally
cattle and goats experimentall |
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Veratrum spp clinical syndromes
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hypotension - CV
teratogenesis dilates arterioles constricts venous vascular beds vomiting paralysis bradycardia convulsions slows heart rate |
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Veratrum teratogenesis on day 14
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cyclopia
proboscis bull-dog jaw cleft palate prolonged gestation |
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Veratrum day 27 - 28
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collapsed trachea
shortened metacarpals shortened metatarsals cleft lip and palate |
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Veratrum prevention
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don't breed ewesunitl after frost
don't move ewes to infest pastures until 35 - 40 days after removing rams |
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Ruminant hypomagnesemia
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Grass tetany
Wheat pasture poisoning downer cow syndrome |
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Downer cow syndrome can be caused by
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Senna
hypomagnesemia |
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hypomagnesemia can be caused by
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lush green wheat pastures
heavily fertilized fields with nitrogen and potassium |
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Hypomagnesemia predisposing factors
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decreased energy intake
stressful situation: pregnancy, lactation cool to cold weather recent transportation |
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hypomagnesemia interferes with
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neuro-muscular function
enzyme function |
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Hypomagnesemia clinical signs
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uneasiness
nervousness muscle twitching excitable incoordination laert recumbent cow increased rectal temp convulsions |
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Hypomagnesemia clin-path finding
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decreased Ca, MG, P
increased TSP Globulins K+ |
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Hypomagnesemia treatment
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calcium borogluconate w/ dextrose, magnesium, phosphate
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Hypomagnesemia prevention
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provided energy source via grain or molasses
add Mg to mineral supplement |
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Hypomagnesemia DDX
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hypocalcemia - milk fever
ketosis rabies |
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Cyanide poisoning
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Hydrogen cyanide
cyanogen chloride prussic acid |
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Cyanogens are also called
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Blood agents
not good terrorist weapon |
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CN- normal metabolism
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CN- + Vit B12 = cyanocobalamin
CN - + Sulfanes = thiosyanates + sulfates |
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Sulfane and sulfate reaction with CN- is catalyzed by
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rhodanese
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Sulfane and sulfate reaction is
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essentially irreversible
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Hydrogen cyanide plants
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cyanogenetic clycoside - hydrolysis in plants
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Hydrogen cyanide spp
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Sorghum - Johnson grass
and various sorghum crops Prunus spp - peaches, plums |
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laetrile
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made from peach pits
touted for cancer childrem and pets at risk |
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Hydrogen cyanide has a
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fiant musty odor of bitter almonds, peach pits, or burning rope
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HCN has what onset time
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seconds with high inhaled concentrations
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HCN MOA
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Action in cells, not in blood
interruption of cellular respiration in mitochondira |
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cyt a3 is
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cytochrome oxidase
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CN- has higher affinity for the ____ in ______
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Fe3+
methamoglobin |
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CN- Effects on cells and blood
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No generation of ATP
Extraction of O2 from blood Pasteur shift to anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acidosis and high anion gap |
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CN- Effects at organ level
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Carotid and aortic chemoreceptors - intense stimulation
CNS - depression heart - accumlation in left ventricle, increased O2 demeand, dysrhythmias and heart failure |
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CN- animals affected
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humans
rminants horses any other species |
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CN- progression of symptoms and signs
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increase in rate and depth of respiration
hypertension and tachycardia convulsion respiratory depression and arrest bradycardia, hypotension and cardiac arrest |
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Sorghum cystitis in horses
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Chronic cyanide poisoning
dribbling of urine posterior ataxia incapable of abdominal press - full bladder loss of reproductive ability no treatment |
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Sorghum cystitis in horses lesions
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dermatitis in affected areas
full bladder with thickened walls chronic cystitis w ascending inflammation in ureters demyelinating neuropathy in posterior spinal cord |
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Treatment of sorghumsystitis in horses
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supportive therapy
Amyl Nitrite |
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Amyl nitrite is given via ____ and _____
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inhalation
converts Hb Fe2+ to metHb Fe 3+ fire retardant |
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Sodium nitrite(NaNO2)
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converts HbO2 to met Hb
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Adverse affects of NaNO2
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methemoglobinemia
hypotension |
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Sodium Thiosulfate is used for
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treating CN- poisoning by forming thiocyanate and sulfite (excreted by kidney)
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New treatment of CN- poisoning
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Hydroxycobalamin
It enters the mitochondria red colored urine hypertension allergic reaction |
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Diagnosis of cyanide poisoning
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sodium picrate test - plants only
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Nitrate/Nitrate poisoning
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methemoglobinemia
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methemoglobinemia sources
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Water
plants wastes chemicals tylenol |
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NO2-/NO2- poisoning plant species
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Amaranthus
Sorghum Avena - winter oats Zea spp - corn |
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NO2/NO3 poisoning animals affects
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Ruminants w/nitrates or nitrites on low energy rations
monogastrics - must be nitrites Pets - primarily acetomenophen |
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With adequate _______ rumen micorflora converts ____ into
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NH3
protein |
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With NO2 /NO3 poisoning the blood turns
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brown - metHb
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NO2/NO3 clinical signs - acute
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colicky pain
diarrhea dyspnea muscular tremors staggering gati muddy mucous membranes |
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NO2/NO3 poisoning clinical signs - sub-acute/chronic
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No scientific evidence
Feed grain for energy |
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NO2/NO3 poisoning treatment
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Methylene Blue
NOT NMB |
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Sodium Ion intoxication syndrome
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Combination of too much salt intake and water deprivation
Or excess water/fluid loss |
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Na ion/water deprivation animals affected
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Swine - probably most suceptible
Cattle Poultry Sheep Horses Human infants by misformulation Dogs - paint ball intoxication Heat prostration in humans |
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Sodium Ion/Water Deprivation confounding factors
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Automatic waterers mechanical or forzen
medicated water unfamiliar water supply |
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Sodium Ion/Water Deprivation MOA
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Increased EC Na causes IC dehydration causing decreased energy production causing Na/K pump stops
Na leaks into cell setting up osmotic gradient to draw water into cell - cerebral edema |
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Sodium ion/water deprivation syndrome clinical signs
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swine - early increased thirst puritis, constipation - rarely seen
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Sodium Ion/Water Deprivation clinical signs other animals
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poultry
ruminants - abdominal and CNS signs |
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Sodium ion clinical signs in horses
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peracute - occurs with massive ingestion
chronic - characterized by dehydration, stiffness, and anorexia |
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Sodium ion clinical signs in dogs
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vomiting
polydipsia Polyuria tremors seizures hyperthermia |
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Sodium ion lesions gross
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pigs and ruminants - gastric inflammation and ulceration
pinpoint ulcers filled with blood edema of gut wall visible cerebral edema Poultry - wet air sacs, discharge from nares |
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Na ion/Water deprivation swine microscopic lesions
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eosinophilic infiltration of virchow-robin may be seen if the animals die within 48 hours
Laminar loss of cortical neurons Laminar malacia moderate cerebral edema |
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Na Ion/Water deprivation other species
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Ruminants - polioencephalomalacia
cerebral edema midbrain edema Poultry: nephritis, nephrosclerosis |
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Na ion/Water deprivation diagnosis -
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Need brain, feed, SCF and blood
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Na ion/Water deprivation TX
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not rewarding.
Do not give free access to water |
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Na ion/Water deprivation DD
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viral encephalitides - pseudorabies
pesitcide intoxication |
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Water deprivation can occur because of
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Sulfur content in the water = bad tasting
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Non-protein nitrogen sources usually used for
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Ruminants can use NPN as an alternative protein source
NH2 to NH3 that flora converts to AA |
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NPN poisoning predisposing factors
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fasting
high roughage diets lack of adaptation high ruminal temperature high ruminal pH dehydration or low=water intake hepatic insuffieciency Too much urea or NPN in ration |
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NPN MOA
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NH3 production is 4X greater than AA production
rumen can convert to NH4+ |
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NPN handling of excess NH4
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liver is incapable of biotransforming overload
High levels of ammonia are thought to inhibit glutamate transport at synapse in brain |
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NPN poisoning clinical signs
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apprehension
restlessness trembling and grinding of teeth hyperesthesia mydriasis and nystagmus increase pulse and respiration muscle trembling smell ammonia in rumen find dead cows |
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NPN poisoning lesions
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bloat
ammonia odor in rumen status spongiosis in brain grind teeth |
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NPN poisoning TX
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Cold dilute acetic acid to lower rumen pH to make ammonia return to ammonium
cold water to lower temp |
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Ammoniated hay in cattle is used to
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increase protein content up to 9%
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Ammoniate hay can cause
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"bonkers"
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Ammoniated hay clinical signs
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trembling
ear twitching slaivation stampeding convulsions death |
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Ammoniated hay DDX
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lead toxicosis
pesticide intoxication urea poisoning PEM hypomagnesemia TEM |
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Ammoniated hay etiology
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4-methylimidazole
will pass in milk |
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Ionophores are used to
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improve efficiency of production of growing and finishing cattle
energy metabolism in the rumen, use of nitrogen metabolism in the rumen retardation of lactic acidosis and bloat |
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Ionophores metabolic effects
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pushes to proprionate
increase lactate lower ruminal ammonia inhibit Gram + decrease methane production |
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Ionophores emtabolic effects
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mild inhibition of protozoa
depressed rumen content turnover decreased rumen fluid viscosity in bloated animals decreased growth yeild efficiency of ruminal microbes reduction of acidosis |
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Ionophores
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monensin
lasalocis narasin slinomycin |
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Ionophores general information
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Antibiotic Gm +
Coccidiostat in poultry feed additive in cattle |
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Inophore poisoning in cattle clinical signs
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anorexia
diarrhea labored breathing ataxia prostration death |
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Ionophores clinical signs horses
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MOST SUSCEPTIBLE
anorexia profuse sweating hyperventilation tachycardia, coli depression death: hours to days |
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Ionophores clinical signs in dogs and cats
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ascending paralysis leading to respiratory paralysis and deaths in domestic cats
affected cats might also exhibit histologic evidence paresis/paralysis with retneiton of the ability to wag the tail and move the eyse death results form apparent respiratory paralysis |
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Ionophore lesions: cattel
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ruminal wall edema
pale and flabby heart - cardiomyopathy congested liver |
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Ionophore lesions horses
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pale and flabby heart
diaphramatic myopathy congested lungs, liver and spleen |
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Ionophore tX
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usually unsuccessful
recovered animals exercise intolerant |
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Ionophores emtabolic effects
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mild inhibition of protozoa
depressed rumen content turnover decreased rumen fluid viscosity in bloated animals decreased growth yeild efficiency of ruminal microbes reduction of acidosis |
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Ionophores
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monensin
lasalocis narasin slinomycin |
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Ionophores general information
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Antibiotic Gm +
Coccidiostat in poultry feed additive in cattle |
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Inophore poisoning in cattle clinical signs
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anorexia
diarrhea labored breathing ataxia prostration death |
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Ionophores clinical signs horses
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MOST SUSCEPTIBLE
anorexia profuse sweating hyperventilation tachycardia, coli depression death: hours to days |
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Ionophores clinical signs in dogs and cats
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ascending paralysis leading to respiratory paralysis and deaths in domestic cats
affected cats might also exhibit histologic evidence paresis/paralysis with retneiton of the ability to wag the tail and move the eyse death results form apparent respiratory paralysis |
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Ionophore lesions: cattel
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ruminal wall edema
pale and flabby heart - cardiomyopathy congested liver |
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Ionophore lesions horses
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pale and flabby heart
diaphramatic myopathy congested lungs, liver and spleen |
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Ionophore tX
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usually unsuccessful
recovered animals exercise intolerant |
