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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you induce vomiting in a dog or cat?
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3% hydrogen peroxide (dogs)
3tbsp liquid dish soap in 8oz water apomorphine (dogs) xylazine (cats) |
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Three drug options for seizure control:
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Diazepam: first choice, short-acting
Phenobarbital: second choice Pentobarbital: last resort |
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Lupine: toxin
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quinolizidine alkaloid (nicotinic effect)
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Lupine: affected species and toxic dose
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sheep > cattle
<1%BW is toxic |
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Lupine: pathophysiology and signs
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crooked calf
hepatotoxic neurotoxic: seizures, head pressing, ataxia, salivation |
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Lupine: diagnosis and treatment
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none
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Larkspur: toxin and effect
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diterpene alkaloid
ACH competition --> NM blockade |
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Larkspur: signs
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nervousness, paresis, salivation, tremors, bloat, sudden death (3-4hr)
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Larkspur: diagnosis and treatment
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none, supportive care
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Locoweed: type of plant and range
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perennial legume of arid Western USA
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Bracken Fern: toxin and pathophysiology
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thiaminase (affects horses): destroys vitamin B1 which is needed for cellular respiration
ptaquiloside (affects cattle): bone marrow suppressant |
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Bracken Fern: lethal dose
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3-5% of diet over 30dy
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Bracken Fern: signs
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ataxia, weakness, blind staggers, twitching, weight loss, head pressing
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Bracken Fern: diagnosis and treatment
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blood test shows decreased thiamine and increased pyruvate
treat with thiamine |
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Poison Hemlock: toxin and lethal dose
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alkaloid toxin (nicotinic effect)
walnut-sized piece of root can kill a cow - very toxic |
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Poison Hemlock: signs
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trembling, convulsions, salivation, bloating, coma, sudden death (3-4hr)
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Poison Hemlock: diagnosis and treatment
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diagnose by detecting alkaloid in stomach contents
no treatment |
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T2 Toxin: type of toxin
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trichothecene type A
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T2 Toxin: source fungus
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Fusarium spp.
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T2 Toxin: source plants and ideal conditions
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corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, sorghum
high humidity, moderate temperatures |
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T2 Toxin: MOA and signs
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interferes with protein synthesis and suppresses immunity
swine: oral lesions and intestinal necrosis chickens: oral lesions ruminants: gastroenteritis, intestinal hemorrhage, death |
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Vomitoxin (deoxyvalenol): toxin type and source fungus
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trichothecene type B
Fusarium graminearum |
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Vomitoxin (deoxyvalenol): source plants and ideal conditions
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wheat, barely, rye, oats, corn, potatoes
grows in cool, moist conditions, pink in color |
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Vomitoxin (deoxyvalenol): MOA and signs
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acts on dopamine receptors in medulla
cattle: loss of production (detoxified in rumen) swine: diarrhea, emesis, reproductive failure, death small animals: inappetance and vomiting |
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Tremorgen: toxin type
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indole-diterpene
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Tremorgen: source fungi (4) and distribution
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Penicillum, Aspergillus, Neophytodium, Claviceps
worldwide distribution |
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Tremorgen: 2 examples and their MOAs
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Penitrem A: disinhibition of calcium-dependent potassium channels, vasodilation, neurotoxic
Roquefortine C: inhibits detoxifiers like cytochrome P 450 |
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Tremorgen: signs
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small animal: salivation, vomiting, panting, restlessness, tremors that progress to seizures, hyperthermia, tachycardia, death
large animal: tremors, exaggerated flexion of forelegs, ataxia |
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Tremorgen: treatment
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small animal: methocarbamol/diazepam to control tremors/seizures, supportive care, good prognosis with early treatment (recovery in 24-48hr)
large animal: high morbidity; low mortality - leave alone to recover |
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Lolitrem B: toxin type and source fungus
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indole diterpene
Neophytodium lolli |
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Lolitrem B: MOA and signs
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neurotransmitter alteration --> vacuolation of Purkinje cells --> ryegrass staggers
head and neck tremors, ataxia, hypermetria |
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Lolitrem B: toxic dose and prognosis
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1800-2000ppb in ruminants
good prognosis if taken off contaminated feed |
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Moldy Corn Poisoning: toxin and susceptibility of different species
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fumonisin
horse > swine > cattle > sheep |
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Mold Corn Poisoning: source fungi and ideal conditions
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Fusarium monoliforme and F. proliferatum
drought during grown followed by cool wet weather, highly resistant and hard to eradicate |
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Moldy Corn Poisoning: MOA and signs
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interference with sphingolipid synthesis --> leukoencephalomalacia of corona radiata
depression, ataxia, blindness, facial paralysis, coma, death |
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Moldy Corn Poisoning: diagnosis and treatment
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increased liver enzymes, MRI, increased sphingonine:sphingosine ratio
no treatment |
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Lathyrism: toxic dose
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large quantities of seeds over long period of time
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Lathyrism: signs (2 forms)
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Osteolathyrism: lysyl oxidase inhibition, no crosslinking of collagen and elastin, birth defects
Neurolathyrism: novel proteins excite glutamate receptors on motor neurons - stringhalt |
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Lathyrism: treatment
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most recover on their own
can transect tendon of lateral digital extensor muscle (?) |
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What plant besides Lathyrus spp. can cause stringhalt?
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Hypochaeris radicata (spotted catsear/false dandelion)
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Yellow Star Thistle: signs and lesions
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sudden onset UMN impairment of CN5, 7, 9, and 12 - facial twitching, loss of coordination
nigropalladial encephalomalacia |
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Salt Poisoning: which species are most susceptible?
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swine > poultry > cattle
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Salt Poisoning: toxic dose and MOA
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>1% in water if that is only water source
sodium in brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis if water is replaced then sodium in blood is flushed out, but not brain, osmotic gradient --> cerebral edema |
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Salt Poisoning: signs
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twitching, seizures, thirst, ataxia
swine have characteristic head nodding that proceeds to collapse and convulsions every ~7min |
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Salt Poisoning: diagnosis and treatment
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increased Na, Cl, anion gap, serum protein
swine: eosinophilic perivascular cuffing IV saline (do NOT give fresh water) |
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Urea Poisoning: MOA
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excess nitrogen products --> hyperammonemia --> inhibits TCA cycle, metabolic acidosis
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Urea Poisoning: susceptibility - ruminants vs monogastrics
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monogastrics not as susceptible
ruminants: rumenal bacteria produce ammonia from urea, overload system |
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Urea Poisoning: signs
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front end paresis, salivation, colic, tremors, down, bloat, hyperthermia, cyanosis, death
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Urea Poisoning: diagnosis and treatment
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metabolic acidosis with rumenal alkalosis (>7.5pH)
increased glucose, lactate, K, BUN, AST, blood and rumen ammonia IV NaHCO3, PO vinegar or cold water |
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Organophosphate: sources
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insecticides, anthelminthics - irreversible effect
carbamates - reversible |
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Organophosphate: MOA
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anticholinesterase --> sustained parasympathetic and motor neuron firing
potentiated by testosterone |
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Organophosphate: signs
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18-30hr delayed onset
SLUDGE, twitching, dyspnea, bradycardia delayed neuropathy (7-21dy post-exposure): weakness, ataxia, paralysis, loss of conscious proprioception |
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Organophosphate: diagnosis and treatment
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cholinesterase levels
wash with soap atropine counters muscarinic signs oximes displace toxin from enzyme if given before aging period |
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Lead: MOA
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interferes with enzymes by binding sulfhydryl groups
capillary damage, demyelination, interferes with neurotransmitters |
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Lead: signs
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cattle: twitching, head pressing, cortical blindness, ataxia, seizure
horse: laryngeal paralysis, dysphagia, ataxia, tremors, blindness small animal: anorexia, depression, V/D, hyperexcitability, seizures |
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Lead: treatment
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chelate with EDTA, succimer, penicillamine
seizure control, supportive care |
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Organochlorine: MOA
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partial depolarization - diffuse nervous stimulation
GABA inhibition |
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Organochlorine: signs
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excitability, tremors, seizures, dyspnea, coma, sudden death (20-60min after onset)
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Organochlorine: treatment
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decontaminate
sedate supportive care |
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Phosphide Salts: MOA
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GI irritant
generates phosphine gas: blocks cytochrome C oxidase and oxidative phosphorylation, energy crisis, multiple organ failure |
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Phosphide Salts: signs
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anorexia, weakness, GI pain, vomiting, respiratory distress
CV collapse and arrhythmia --> death pulmonary, hepatic, renal complications |
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Phosphide Salts: diagnosis and treatment
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stomach contents (must be frozen and airtight)
decontamination, poor prognosis if signs have begun |
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Death Camas:
- toxin - MOA - signs - treatment |
- steroidal alkaloid
- local irritation and CV depression - ataxia, weakness, vomiting, death - supportive care, grave prognosis |
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Water Hemlock:
- toxin - MOA - signs - treatment |
- cicutoxin
- CNS stimulant, GABA antagonist - ataxia, tremors, seizures (rapid progression) - barbiturates, poor prognosis |
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Locoweed;
- toxin - MOA - signs - treatment |
- swainsonine
- enzyme inhibition --> lysosomal storage disease - depression/excitability, impaired vision and hearing - none, guarded prognosis |
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Ambien:
- MOA - signs - treatment |
- GABA potentiation
- CNS depression, ataxia, lethargy, V/D, paresis, behavioral change - detox and supportive care, do NOT use benzodiazepines, resolves in ~12hr |
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Calcium Channel Blockers:
- MOA - signs - treatment |
- negative inotrope, vasodilator, GI stasis
- depression, collapse, bradycardia - glucagon, diltiazem |
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Atrovastin:
- MOA - signs - treatment |
- HGM-CoA reductase inhibition; inhibition of cholesterol synthesis pathway
- cataracts, weight loss, V/D - no test or treatment, excellent prognosis |
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SSRI:
- MOA - signs - treatment |
- inhibit serotonin reuptake
- lethargy, vomiting, disorientation, ataxia - induce emesis, supportive care |
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Sago Palm:
- toxin - MOA - signs - treatment |
- cycasin
- toxin metabolized to MAM - neurotoxic, mutagenic - GI and hepatic disease, some with neuro signs, icterus, coagulopathy - no antidote |
