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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Toxicology definition
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The study of adverse effects of xenobiotic compounds, including their chemical properties, biological effects, & treatments
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Toxicant definition
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Another term for poison. Any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced or applied to the body can interfere with the biological processes of cells.
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Toxin
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Poisons that originate from living organisms (animals, plants, bacteria, etc)
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Toxicosis
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The disease state which results from exposure to a toxicant
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Toxicity
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The amount of poison that under a specific set of conditions will cause toxic effects (mg/kg)
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Toxicokinetics
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Relationship btwn tissue concentration of a toxicant and time - looks at Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion of toxicants
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Half-life
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The time it takes for 1/2 the toxicant to be eliminated from the body
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LD50
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Lethal Dose 50%. The dose of a toxicant that will cause death of 50% of animals that receive it.
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LC50
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Lethal Concentration 50%. The concentration of a toxicant that will cause death of 50% of animals that receive it. Used when referring to toxicants in water or sometimes feed.
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MTD
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Minimum Toxic Dose/Maximum Tolerated Dose. Dose at which some animals begin to show some signs of toxicity.
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Dose-Response
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Response of an individual or population to varying doses of chemicals
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Acute Toxicity
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Effects of single or multiple doses during the first 24 hours after exposure
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Chronic Toxicity
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The effects of single or multiple doses 90 days or longer after initial exposure
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Hazard
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The likelihood of poisoning occurring under conditions of usage and exposure
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ppm
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Part Per Million. Used to express quantity of toxicant mixed w/ another substance.
1ppm = 1 mg tox/kg = .0001% 1ppm = .1 mg tox/100 ml 1.1ppm = 1 gram tox/ton |
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ppb
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Part per Billion. 1 ppb = 1 microgram/1 kg
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What are the 6 factors that affect response of an individual animal to a toxicant?
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Dose, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Physiological Factors that affect ADME
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Absorption
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Route of exposure
Oral is most common |
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Metabolism
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Rate at which toxicant is metabolized
- Biotransformation makes toxicant more polar, less lipophilic, more water soluble - This may increase or decrease toxic effects - Biotransformation occurs in liver - May cause induction or inhibition of metabolic enzymes |
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Excretion
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The rate at which a toxicant is excreted
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Dose
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Generally, higher the dose, greater the response
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Physiologic Factors that affect ADME
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Genetics
Age Sex (adult females metabolize faster than males) Stage of estrous Pregnancy Lactation (white snakeroot not toxic to lactating cows) Disease condition Nutritional (pr def = more susceptible, fat in diet may increase absorption if lipid-soluble) Ability of toxicant to be ionized Individual Variation!! |
