Toxicology Session 8

Front 1

Documented trends in ferility indicate a _____trend in human reproduction

Back 1

downward

Front 2

Events in reproduction

Back 2

1. fertilization
2. zygote goes along oviduct while maturing into an early embryo
3. Embryo must implant into the uterus
4. Differentiate
5. Produce a placenta
6. Undergo normal embryogenesis
7. Proceed with fetal development

Front 3

____ week of gestation gender features develop

Back 3

Seventh

Front 4

Y chromosome has the _____ gene

Back 4

Sex-determining region (SDR)

Front 5

Only ____ have Y gene

Back 5

Males

Front 6

________ finishes the making of male parts

Back 6

Testosterone with androgen receptor

Front 7

To be a fertile male you need working

Back 7

SRY and AR genes

Front 8

To be a fertile female you need

Back 8

SRY to be absent and ER gene to work

Front 9

The female reproductive system is composed of two embryological segments called

Back 9

The eurogential sinus and the Mullerian ducts

Front 10

Urogential sinus and Mullerian ducts are conjoined at the

Back 10

Mullerian tubercle

Front 11

Mullerian ducts are present on the embryo of ____ sex

Back 11

both

Front 12

Only in _____ do mullerian ducts develop into reproductive organs

Back 12

Women

Front 13

Mullerian ducts degenerate in ____

Back 13

males

Front 14

The _____ ducts develop into male reproductive organs

Back 14

Wolffian

Front 15

In a male, SRY and other genes induce differentiation of supporting cells into ____ and indirectly steroidogenic cells into _____ cells

Back 15

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

Front 16

Leydig cells form

Back 16

Testes

Front 17

Testes become identifiable and begin to produce hormones by week

Back 17

8

Front 18

Germ cells become

Back 18

Spermatogonia

Front 19

Interstitial Leydig cells produce the ________

Back 19

testosterone

Front 20

Testosterone induces _________ of the wolffian duct and external genitalia

Back 20

differentiation

Front 21

A Sertoli cell is a '____' cell of the testes

Back 21

nurse

Front 22

Sertoli cell is part of a

Back 22

Seminiferous tubule

Front 23

Sertoli cells are activated by

Back 23

follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 24

Sertoli cells have _____ on its membrane

Back 24

FSH receptors

Front 25

Sertoli cells main function is to nurture the

Back 25

developing sperm cells

Front 26

Infertility

Back 26

condition that can be diagnosed when a couple fails to conceive within 12 months of unprotected cells

Front 27

Approximately ____% of couples of reproductive age are infertile

Back 27

10-15%

Front 28

About ___% of fertilized eggs do not progress to a viable pregnancy

Back 28

50%

Front 29

____% of pregnancies are lost in the first 6 weeks

Back 29

30%

Front 30

Cryptorchidism

Back 30

A condition known as undescended testes where the testes do not descent into the scrotum during development

Front 31

Hypospadias

Back 31

The urethral opening is on the underside of the shaft rather than the tip

Front 32

Testicular cancer has increased ____ fold over the past 30-40 years

Back 32

2-4

Front 33

____% of miscarriages may be due to chromosomal abnormalities

Back 33

50%

Front 34

Male causes for infertility

Back 34

1. low sperm count
2. altered sperm motility
3. abnormalities of seminal fluid

Front 35

Reduced sperm count can be caused by

Back 35

genetic factors, infections, anatomic abnormalities, heat, or toxic chemicals

Front 36

Fetal or pre-pubertal exposure to toxic chemicals can also permanently harm or reduce the number of

Back 36

Sertoli cells, resulting in low sperm count

Front 37

Leydig cell damage can result in

Back 37

decreased testosterone production with indirect impairment on ferility

Front 38

Sertoli cells secrete

Back 38

1. Anti-mullerian hormone
2. Inhibin and Activins
3. Androgen binding proteins
4. Estradiol

Front 39

Leydig cells release

Back 39

Androgens, testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone, when stimulated by the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone

Front 40

_ and ____ have been the most extensively studies reproductive and developmental toxicant

Back 40

Lead and Mercury

Front 41

Three other metals, besides lead and mercury, that are common toxicants

Back 41

Cadmium
Arsenic
Manganese

Front 42

_____ and _____ damage fetal development

Back 42

Chromium and Nickle

Front 43

Lead causes

Back 43

Infertility in exposed male and spontaneous abortion in women

Front 44

Mercury causes

Back 44

two major epidemics of spontaneous abortion and birth deffects

Front 45

Lead acts on

Back 45

testes to lower the sperm count

Front 46

Employers are not required to remove workers from lead exposure until their blood level rises over

Back 46

50 micrograms/dL

Front 47

Low doses of lead lead to ____ in women

Back 47

preterm delivery, low birth weight, and fetal growth development

Front 48

Three forms mercury is formed

Back 48

-Elemental mercury vapor
-Inorganic mercury compounds
-Organic mercury

Front 49

What is the most deadly form of mercury and why

Back 49

Organic mercury because it is the most easily absorbed orally

Front 50

Where are the highest level of mercury in blood found

Back 50

In fetal circulation

Front 51

When did the Minamata Bay episode occur?

Back 51

1950s

Front 52

When did the Mercury breakout in Iraq occur

Back 52

late 1950s-early 1960s and early 1970s

Front 53

What was the Minamata Bay Episode toxicant

Back 53

Mercury

Front 54

What was causing both mercury breakouts?

Back 54

Grain being imported that was treated with organic mercury to retard fungal growth

Front 55

Mercury has been responsible in two major epidemics of

Back 55

spontaneous abortions and birth defects

Front 56

Cadmium is toxic to the _____ in animals and concentration in and damages the ____

Back 56

Testes

Placenta

Front 57

Cadmium damages the placenta's ability to provide ___ and ____ to the fetus and can result in ______

Back 57

Oxygen and nutrients
Fetal death or damage

Front 58

Arsenic is found in ____ and _____ forms

Back 58

Organic and inorganic

Front 59

____ form of Arsenic is highly toxic and widely distributed in the environment

Back 59

Inorganic

Front 60

There is a link between arsenic exposure and

Back 60

spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

Front 61

_____ is an essential mineral at low doses

Back 61

Manganese

Front 62

A major environmental source of Mn is emissions from

Back 62

coal fired power plants

Front 63

Manganese is the form of ______ used in glass and ceramics

Back 63

permanganate

Front 64

Manganese form that is particularly concerning

Back 64

MMT

Front 65

Workers exposed at levels averaging one-fifth of the allowable workplace exposure of manganese resulted in

Back 65

significantly fewer children during the period of exposure compared to nonexposed

Front 66

Workers exposed to manganese at lower rates resulted in

Back 66

no effect on birthrates

Front 67

Effects of allowable levels of manganese resulted in

Back 67

effects on hormone levels

Front 68

Reproductive effects of solvents

Back 68

May raise the risk of spontaneous abortions by two-to-four fold

Front 69

Volatile organic compounds are

Back 69

Organic solvents that evaporate at room temperatures

Front 70

Household exposure to solvents may come from

Back 70

Paints
Strippers
Glues, markers, cosmetics, and cleaning agents

Front 71

The increased risk of spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to solvents was first identified in

Back 71

Finland

Front 72

___ to ___ percent decrease in fertility among women occupationally exposed to organic solvent

Back 72

25-50%

Front 73

An assessment of sperm quality among men exposed to perchlorothylene in dry cleaning found differences in

Back 73

Sperm shape and swimming ability, but not count

Front 74

Painters exposed to mixed solvents have increased rates of

Back 74

Sister chromatid exchange

Front 75

Pesticides may cause

Back 75

Cancer
Adverse reproductive, developmental, neurological, or immune system effects

Front 76

Pesticide Fate and Transport

Back 76

The distribution and life history of pesicides in the environment are largely determined by the chemical and physical properties of each agent

Front 77

Environmental Persistence

Back 77

Indicates how long it takes for a pesticide to break down in soil, sunlight, surgace, or groundwater, or infoors

Front 78

Water solubility

Back 78

Determines the degree to which a pesticide will run off in rainwater or be transported into groundwater

Front 79

Volatility

Back 79

Determines the extent to which a pesticide will evaporate to the air and be transported through the atmosphere

Front 80

Soil binding

Back 80

Influences environmental persistence and runoff into water bodies.

Front 81

Tendency to bioaccumulation

Back 81

Indicates how much the concentration of a pesticide is likely to build up in a living organism over time

Front 82

Reproductive effects of pesticides

Back 82

-Increased risk of spontaneous abortion

Front 83

Indian men employed as pesticide mixers and sprayers in cotton fields showed that their wives experienced

Back 83

more miscarriages and stillbriths

Front 84

Chomosomal damage of pesticidces affect what cells

Back 84

Sperm, and maube in other cells which raise concern about mutation and inheritable disorders

Front 85

In a group of floriculture workers in Argentina who were using organochlorine, organophosphate, and cabamate pesticides, had

Back 85

four times high rate of chromosomal abnormlaities