Toxicology Session 7

Front 1

The liver is connected to two large blood vessels called:

Back 1

Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein

Front 2

The hepatic artery carries blood from the ______

Back 2

Aorta

Front 3

The Portal Vein carries blood containing

Back 3

digested nutrients from the GI tract and the spleen and pancreas

Front 4

The blood vessels subdivide into ______ that leads to ________

Back 4

Capillaries
Lobule

Front 5

Each lobule is made of millions of __________ cells that are basic _______ cells

Back 5

Hepatic

Metabolic

Front 6

The liver gets dual blood supply from the __ and ___

Back 6

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries

Front 7

The hepatic portal vein carries venous blood drained from

Back 7

the spleen, GI tract, and its associated organs

Front 8

The hepatic arteries supply _______ to the liver,

Back 8

arterial blood

Front 9

Oxygen is provided from:

Back 9

both Hepatic arteries and hepatic portal vein

Front 10

Blood flows through the liver ________ and empties into the _________ of each lobule

Back 10

Sinusoids

Central vein

Front 11

The central veins voalesce into __________ which leave the liver

Back 11

Hepatic vein

Front 12

Bile is secreted by the ______

Back 12

liver

Front 13

Bile is stored in the

Back 13

Gall bladder

Front 14

Bile is ejected into

Back 14

the small intestine

Front 15

The liver can be divided into three zones based upon __________

Back 15

oxygen supply

Front 16

Zone 1

Back 16

encircles the portal tracts where the oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries enters and mixes with portal blood

Front 17

Zone 2

Back 17

area between zone 1 and 2

Front 18

Zone 3

Back 18

Located around the central vein where blood exits, oxygenation is low

Front 19

What are the 6 functions of the liver

Back 19

1. Biotransformation of xenobiotics
2. Carb metabolism and storage
3. Synthesis of blood proteins
4. Urea formation
5. Fat metabolism
6. BIle formation

Front 20

What toxins are associated with fatty liver

Back 20

CCl2, ethanol, fialuridine, valproic acid

Front 21

What toxins are associated with Hepatocyte Necrosis (cell death)

Back 21

acetaminophen, ethanol, chloroform

Front 22

What toxins are associated with Canalicular cholestasis

Back 22

Estrogens, chlorphmazine

Front 23

What toxins are associated with Bile duct damage

Back 23

amoxicillin, a-napthyl-isothiocyanate

Front 24

What toxins are associated with sinusoidal damage

Back 24

anabolic steroids, cyclophosphamide

Front 25

What toxins are associated with fibrosis and cirrhosis

Back 25

ethanol, vynyl chloride, vitamin A

Front 26

What toxins are associated with tumors

Back 26

aflatoxin, vinyl chloride, synthetic estrogens, androgens

Front 27

What toxins are associated with zone 1

Back 27

Fe overload and allyl alcohol

Front 28

What toxins are associated with zone 3

Back 28

CCl4, acetominophen, and ethanol

Front 29

What mechanisms are associated with ClC4

Back 29

Pregerntial uptake, high O2

Front 30

What mechanisms are associated with allyl alcohol

Back 30

High O2

Front 31

What mechanisms are associated with CCl4

Back 31

P450-dependent bioactivation

Front 32

What mechanisms are associated with acetaminophen

Back 32

P450-dependent bioactivation and lower GSH

Front 33

What mechanisms are associated with ethanol

Back 33

Lower O2, and bioactivation/detox. imbalance

Front 34

Symptoms of hepatotoxicity

Back 34

Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hepatomegaly, jaundice

Front 35

Histopathology of Heptatoxicity

Back 35

Fatty liver, cirrhosis, nbecrosis, fibrosis, heptocellular tumors

Front 36

Blood tests for hepatotoxicity

Back 36

Serum hepatic enzymes, drug clearance, clotting times, bilirubin

Front 37

Serum haptic enzymes

Back 37

ALT, AST, GGT

Front 38

Liver responds to increased workload by these two

Back 38

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

Front 39

Hypertrophy

Back 39

increased cell size

Front 40

Hyperplasia

Back 40

Increased cell numbers

Front 41

Kidneys are in the _______ system

Back 41

Urinary

Front 42

Kidneys serve ________ functions

Back 42

homeostatic

Front 43

Homeostatic functions of kidneys

Back 43

regulation of electrolytes
Maintenance of acid-base balance,
Regulation of blood pressure

Front 44

Kidneys serve the body as a natural filter of _____ and removes wastes

Back 44

blood

Front 45

Waste from kidney is sent to the

Back 45

Bladder

Front 46

In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as

Back 46

Urea and ammonium

Front 47

Kidneys are responsible for the re absorption of

Back 47

water, glucose, and amino acids

Front 48

The kidney is divided these two major structures

Back 48

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

Front 49

There are __ to __ cone -shaped renal lobes

Back 49

8-18

Front 50

The renal lobes contain ___________ ________ surrounding a portion of medulla called a _____ __________

Back 50

Renal Cortex
Renal Pyramid

Front 51

Between the renal pyramids are projects of cortex called

Back 51

Renal columns (of bertin)

Front 52

Nephrons

Back 52

The urine-producing functional structures of the kidney

Front 53

Nephrons span

Back 53

the cortex and medulla

Front 54

The initial portion of a nephron is the

Back 54

Renal Corpuscle

Front 55

The renal corpuscle is located

Back 55

in the cortex

Front 56

The renal corpuscle followed by a

Back 56

renal tubule

Front 57

The renal tubule passes from the ____ deep into the ______

Back 57

Cortex
Medullary pyramid

Front 58

Medullary ray

Back 58

collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct

Front 59

The capillary in the glomerulus is ______ and allows certain items to be filtered out of the blood and into the capsular space making urine

Back 59

Permeable

Front 60

The urine is carried out of the glomerulus by the ______ and into the _________

Back 60

Proximal convoluted tuble
Loop of henle

Front 61

Urine goes from the loop of henle to

Back 61

the renal pelvis

Front 62

Urine from the renal pelvis is drained into

Back 62

the ureter

Front 63

Urine goes from the ureter to the

Back 63

bladder

Front 64

Kidneys two functions

Back 64

Removal and excretion of toxic metabolic waste from blood
Regualtion of homeostasis

Front 65

Function of the adderent arteriole

Back 65

Deliver blood to the glomerulus

Front 66

Function of the efferent arteriole

Back 66

Drains the globerulus

Front 67

Function of the glomerulus

Back 67

Filtration of blood

Front 68

Function of the Tubules

Back 68

Selectively reabsorbs 98-99% salts, H2O, glucose, and amino acids

Front 69

Function of the Proximal tubule

Back 69

Reabsorption

Front 70

Function of the Loop of Henle

Back 70

Urinary concentration

Front 71

Function of the descending loop of henle

Back 71

H2O leaves filtrate

Front 72

Function of the ascending loop of henle

Back 72

H2O impereable, Na and Cl transport

Front 73

Function of the Distal tubule and collecting duct

Back 73

reabsorption and urine formation

Front 74

Kidney metal toxicants

Back 74

Cadmium, mercury, and lead

Front 75

Kidney halogenated hydrocarbon toxicants

Back 75

CCl4 and chloroform

Front 76

Symptoms of renal toxicity

Back 76

Acute renal failure

Front 77

Alterations in excretion of wastes in renal toxicity

Back 77

Globerular filtration rate, Renal plasma flow

Front 78

Direct pathogenesis of Ethanol Toxicity

Back 78

Producation of reactive acetaldehylde and increased level of reducing co-factors

Front 79

Indirect pathogenesis of Ethanol Toxicity

Back 79

-affects cell membrane fluidity
- formation of unique phospholipids
- Formation of toxic fatty acid ethyl esters
- Mitochondrial inner membrane damage
- Promotes formation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Front 80

Other effects of ethanol toxicity

Back 80

-Women more vulnerable to alcoholic liver injury
- Teratogenicity (FAS)
- Carcinogenicity (oral cancers, liver cancer)

Front 81

Different women carry different variations of

Back 81

ADH and ALDH enzymes

Front 82

Variations of enzymes can be traced to variations in the

Back 82

same gene

Front 83

A _____ ADH or ____ ALDH can cause toxic acetaldehyde to build up in the botty

Back 83

fast
slow

Front 84

Properties of Chloroform

Back 84

Volatile, pleasant-smelling, water soluble

Front 85

Past uses of Chloroform

Back 85

Solvent/extraction solvent, spot remover, fire extinguishers, anethetic

Front 86

Current uses of Chloroform

Back 86

- Chemical intermediate used in wide array of chemicals and plastics
- A trihaomethane of by-products
- Chlorination of cooling water in power plants
- Bleaching of paper
- Chlorination of drinking water

Front 87

Routes of chloroform exposure

Back 87

- Drinking water
- Swimming pool
- Air

Front 88

Potential effects on wildlife of Chloroform

Back 88

- birth defects and reproductive abnormalities
- Liver and renal tumors

Front 89

Potential effects on humans of Chloroform

Back 89

- breast, prostate, stomach, and bladder cancer
-Endometriosis

Front 90

Virtually safe dose (VSD) of chloroform in drinking water

Back 90

4.3 ppb for a 1/100,000 increased lifetime risk of cancer

Front 91

VSD of airborne chloroform

Back 91

.000008 ppm for a 1/1,000,000 increased lifetime risk of cancer

Front 92

Induction of mouse _______ and rat _______ by chloroform administered by Gavage and drinking water

Back 92

- liver tumor
- kidney tumor

Front 93

Three parts of mechanistically-based risk assessment

Back 93

- Genotoxicant?
- Nongenotoxic-cytotoxicant
-Enhanced cell proliferation