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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are non protein nitrogens?
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urea- most common
used as a feed additive |
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What are factors affecting toxicity of urea?
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species
-ruminants and horses are susceptible compound -Urea is the most toxic of the NPNs Feeding management -the usual conc is 3% of grain and 1% of the total ration age -very young animals 3-6 weeks are tolerant fasting -increases toxicity dehydration or low water intake increases toxicity Feeds rich in Urease (soybeans) -increases toxicity hepatic insufficiency (can't metabolize ammonia to urea) -increases toxicity diet low in energy/protein but high in fiber -increases toxicity |
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What is the mechanism of action of urea?
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toxicity of urea is due to ammonia
ammonia inhibits the kreb cycle resulting in lack of energy and decreased cellular respiration and tissue damage increase blood ammonia,anaerobic glycolysis, blood lactate and systemic acidosis, blood glucose nitrogen, serum potassium and phosphorus |
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What are the clinical signs of acute urea toxicosis?
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rapid onset .5-2 hours
restlessness, aggression, muscle tremors, salivation, teeth grinding, colic, *sternal recumbency while standing on the hind limbs* bloat rumen stasis death within 102 hours |
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What are the lesions associated with urea toxicosis?
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no characteristic lesions
-main lesions are due to vascular damage -congestion and degeneration in liver and kidney -ammonia odor -dead animals are usually extremely bloated |
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How do you laboratory diagnose urea toxicosis?
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-analysis for feed for urea content
-analysis of ammonia in whole blood, rumen fluid and vitreous fliud -the specimens (except blood) should be frozen immediately eleveated rumen pH (> 7.5) -Blood chemistry |
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What are differential diagnoses of urea toxicosis?
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agents that cause colic such as caustics or inorganic arsenic
lead, meraldehyde and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides organophosphates grain engoregement, nitreate poisoning, enterotoxemia and cyanide poisoning |
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How do you treat urea toxicosis?
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bloat should be relieved first
acetic acid 5% to cattle, 1 L to sheep and goats followed by cold water treatment should be repeated every 4-5 hours for 48hours -normal saline for dehydraion sodium bicarbonate IV for acidosis rumenotomy - remove rumen contents and replace with fresh contents in stable patient |
