Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?
|
DDT
Aldrin Chlordane -environmentally unfriendly Some are carcinogens |
|
How do organochlorines get concentrated in the environment?
|
from run off from environment, then plankton etc, then smaller fish, then larger fish, then when gets to birds
-Concentrates through different levels of hierarchy |
|
What are the 2 mechanisms of action of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)?
|
1) Slows down the turning off of Na+ influx and inhibits turning on of K+ out flux --> partially depolarizes membrane---> **diffuse nervous stimulation
2) Competitive inhibition of binding of GABA at receptor site -Gaba inhibitory so causes stimulation |
|
How are chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides usually taken into the body?
|
Usually oral
|
|
How long does it take for the onset of organochlorines?
|
Varies- few minutes to several hours
|
|
What are 7 clinical signs of pesticide toxicity?
|
1) Apprehension
2) Hyperexcitability, continuous chewing movement 3) Muscle tremors 4) Seizures, progressing to convulsions 5) Respiratory depression 6) Coma 7) Death usually follows within 20-60 minutes after onset if clinical signs untreated |
|
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are toxic to what animals?
|
*Highly toxic to all mammalian systems- potency varies w compound, dose, route of exposure
|
|
What are the ramification sof the high lipid solubility and stability of organochlorines?
|
Environmental contamination and biologic magnification
-Gets more concentrated higher up the food chain |
|
What are 6 differential diagnoses for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides?
|
1) Infectious encephalitis
2) Lead poisoning 3) Rabies 4) Eclampsia 5) Canine distemper 6) Convulsant poisons (strychnine) |
|
How do you diagnose organochlorine toxicity?
|
-History of potential exposure
-Appropriate clinical signs- **Diffuse CNS stimulation -Chemical analysis GC, GC/MS |
|
What is the first step to the treatment of organochlorine (pesticide) toxicity?
|
Decontaminate
|
|
What should you do to decontaminate an animal w/ acute organochlorine exposure?
|
Bathe, emetics, activated charcoal, cathartic
|
|
What 3 things can you do to decontaminate residue-contaminated livestock?
|
1) Promote hepatic metabolism (phenobarb-poor)
2) Decreased enterohepatic recirculation/ increased excretion 3) Mobilize body fat- starvation, milking etc |
|
What is the second part of treating organochlorine toxicity?
|
Sedation
-Diazepam -Phenobarbital -Pentobarbital |
|
What is part 3 of treating organochlorine toxicity?
|
Supportive care
-Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance |
|
What is the prognosis of pesticide toxicity?
|
Poor
|
|
What animals are susceptible to zinc phosphide poisoning?
|
all species are susceptible but avian species are most affected
|
|
What animals are most commonly affected by zinc phosphide poisoning and why?
|
Avian bc the strong pungent phosphorus odor attracts rodents but makes bait unattractive to other animals, but avian species aren't bothered by the smell
|
|
What are 2 sources of zinc, magnesium, or aluminum phosphide?
|
1) Mole or gopher killers
2) Baits as rodenticides/grain fumigants for insect and rodent control |
|
How long is zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide stable in the environment?
|
~2 weeks under average climatic conditions
|
|
Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide are all extremely irritating to______.
|
GI mucosa
|
|
**Why do phosphides have a garlic-like odor (rotten fish)?
|
Generates phosphine gas- accelerated in moist acidic environment
|
|
What is the mechanism of actin of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide?
|
-Noncompetitively blocks cytochrome C oxidase
-Blocks electron transfer and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation -Energy crisis in cells |
|
What organs are affected by Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Multiple organs are affected
**heart, lungs |
|
What do victims of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity usually die from?
|
Cardiovascular collapse & arrhythmias
|
|
What are the gross lesions of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Non-specific
- Garlic odor -Erythema of mucosal surfaces -Congestion of liver, kidney & lung -Interlobular lung edema, pleural effusion, subpleural hemorrhages |
|
How long does it take for the signs of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity to become apparent?
|
15 min- 4 h, dose dependent
death w/in 3-5 h |
|
What are the clinical signs of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
**Severe gastrointestinal pain
**Vomiting -anorexia, lethargy, weakness/ recumbency -deep labored respirations |
|
What animals are susceptible to Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
All species
Dogs, horses most common |
|
What are some differential diagnosis for Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Strychnine
Metaldehyde Lead |
|
How do you diagnose Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Difficult to confirm bc goes off as a gas
-Compatible clinical sign/ lesions and GI involvement |
|
How can you identify the chemical related to Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
**stomach contents, vomitus must be *frozen immmediately in *air tight container
-Zing, magnesium, aluminum levels -Silver nitrate test -quick screen |
|
What are the microscopic lesions of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Nonspecific; fatty change/ congestion of liver & kidneys
-Degeneration/ hyaline change/ necrosis of renal tubular cells, hepatocytes and myocardium |
|
What is the treatment for Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Non-specific, patients don't respond well if clinical signs have already appeared
-Decontamination depending on time -Aluminum plus MgOH gel PO -Supportive care -H2 receptor antagonist |
|
What is the prognosis of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
POOR!
|
|
How do you diagnose Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Difficult to confirm bc goes off as a gas
-Compatible clinical sign/ lesions and GI involvement |
|
How can you identify the chemical related to Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
**stomach contents, vomitus must be *frozen immmediately in *air tight container
-Zing, magnesium, aluminum levels -Silver nitrate test -quick screen |
|
What are the microscopic lesions of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Nonspecific; fatty change/ congestion of liver & kidneys
-Degeneration/ hyaline change/ necrosis of renal tubular cells, hepatocytes and myocardium |
|
What is the treatment for Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
Non-specific, patients don't respond well if clinical signs have already appeared
-Decontamination depending on time -Aluminum plus MgOH gel PO -Supportive care -H2 receptor antagonist |
|
What is the prognosis of Zinc, magnesium or aluminum phosphide toxicity?
|
POOR!
|